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The slope field of () = +, showing three of the infinitely many solutions that can be produced by varying the arbitrary constant c.. In calculus, an antiderivative, inverse derivative, primitive function, primitive integral or indefinite integral [Note 1] of a continuous function f is a differentiable function F whose derivative is equal to the original function f.
The following is a list of integrals (antiderivative functions) of irrational functions. For a complete list of integral functions, see lists of integrals. Throughout this article the constant of integration is omitted for brevity.
Indefinite integrals are antiderivative functions. A constant (the constant of integration ) may be added to the right hand side of any of these formulas, but has been suppressed here in the interest of brevity.
If the function f does not have any continuous antiderivative which takes the value zero at the zeros of f (this is the case for the sine and the cosine functions), then sgn(f(x)) ∫ f(x) dx is an antiderivative of f on every interval on which f is not zero, but may be discontinuous at the points where f(x) = 0.
At =, however, there is a problem: the graph of the square root function becomes vertical, corresponding to a horizontal tangent for the square function. y = e x {\displaystyle y=e^{x}} (for real x ) has inverse x = ln y {\displaystyle x=\ln {y}} (for positive y {\displaystyle y} )
Many of the following antiderivatives have a term of the form ln |ax + b|.Because this is undefined when x = −b / a, the most general form of the antiderivative replaces the constant of integration with a locally constant function. [1]
The following is a list of integrals (antiderivative functions) of logarithmic functions. For a complete list of integral functions, see list of integrals. Note: x > 0 is assumed throughout this article, and the constant of integration is omitted for simplicity.
The x antiderivative of y and the second antiderivative of f, Euler notation. D-notation can be used for antiderivatives in the same way that Lagrange's notation is [ 11 ] as follows [ 10 ] D − 1 f ( x ) {\displaystyle D^{-1}f(x)} for a first antiderivative,