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Intellectual courage falls under the philosophical family of intellectual virtues, which stem from a person's doxastic logic. [ 1 ] Broadly differentiated from physical courage, [ 1 ] intellectual courage refers to the cognitive risks strongly tied with a person's personality traits and willpower—their quality of mind.
Socrates (c. 470 – 399 BC). The first historical figure who is usually called an "intellectualist" was the Greek philosopher Socrates (c. 470 – 399 BC), who taught that intellectualism allows that "one will do what is right or [what is] best, just as soon as one truly understands what is right or best"; that virtue is a matter of the intellect, because virtue and knowledge are related ...
An intellectual usually is associated with an ideology or with a philosophy. [ 20 ] [ page needed ] The Czech intellectual Václav Havel said that politics and intellectuals can be linked, but that moral responsibility for the intellectual's ideas, even when advocated by a politician, remains with the intellectual.
Related to the philosophy of psychology are philosophical and epistemological inquiries about clinical psychiatry and psychopathology. Philosophy of psychiatry is mainly concerned with the role of values in psychiatry: derived from philosophical value theory and phenomenology , values-based practice is aimed at improving and humanizing clinical ...
The epistemic virtues, as identified by virtue epistemologists, reflect their contention that belief is an ethical process, and thus susceptible to intellectual virtue or vice. Some epistemic virtues have been identified by W. Jay Wood, based on research into the medieval tradition. Epistemic virtues are sometimes also called intellectual ...
In the sixth book of Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics, he distinguished the concepts of sophia (wisdom) and phronesis, and described the relationship between them and other intellectual virtues. [4]: VI He writes that Sophia is a combination of nous, the ability to discern reality, and epistēmē, things that "could not be otherwise". [7]
Neuroethical issues interact with the ethics of human genetic engineering. Transhumanist theorists study the possibilities and consequences of developing and using techniques to enhance human abilities and aptitudes. Eugenics is a social philosophy that advocates the improvement of human hereditary traits through various forms of intervention. [70]
Intellectual virtue has been a subject of philosophy since the work of Aristotle, but virtue epistemology is a development in the modern analytic tradition. It is characterized by efforts to solve problems of special concern to modern epistemology, such as justification and reliabilism , by focusing on the knower as agent in a manner similar to ...