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For example, if a = 2 and p = 7, then 2 7 = 128, and 128 − 2 = 126 = 7 × 18 is an integer multiple of 7. If a is not divisible by p, that is, if a is coprime to p, then Fermat's little theorem is equivalent to the statement that a p − 1 − 1 is an integer multiple of p, or in symbols: [1] [2] ().
On the other hand, the primes 3, 7, 11, 19, 23 and 31 are all congruent to 3 modulo 4, and none of them can be expressed as the sum of two squares. This is the easier part of the theorem, and follows immediately from the observation that all squares are congruent to 0 (if number squared is even) or 1 (if number squared is odd) modulo 4.
[41] [42] For instance, the certainty of the Higgs boson particle's existence was based on the 5σ criterion, which corresponds to a p-value of about 1 in 3.5 million. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] In other fields of scientific research such as genome-wide association studies , significance levels as low as 5 × 10 −8 are not uncommon [ 44 ] [ 45 ] —as the ...
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The multiple choice section is scored by computer, with a correct answer receiving 1 point, with omitted and incorrect answers not affecting the raw score. This total is multiplied by 1.2 to calculate the adjusted multiple-choice score. [26] The free response section is hand-graded by hundreds of AP teachers and professors each June. [27]
[2] The first Advanced Placement exams were administered in 1954 by the Educational Testing Service (ETS) to students limited to 27 schools participating at that time. In 1955, the College Board assumed leadership of the program and testing, deciding on curricula and pedagogical approaches, while retaining ETS to design and score the tests.
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Related: 120 'Thank You' Quotes and Messages To Share Your Appreciation Inspirational Courage Quotes. 71. "Creativity requires the courage to let go of certainties." — Eric Fromm. 72. "Jump, and ...