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For example, if a = 2 and p = 7, then 2 7 = 128, and 128 − 2 = 126 = 7 × 18 is an integer multiple of 7. If a is not divisible by p, that is, if a is coprime to p, then Fermat's little theorem is equivalent to the statement that a p − 1 − 1 is an integer multiple of p, or in symbols: [1] [2] ().
Fermat's theorem on sums of two squares is strongly related with the theory of Gaussian primes.. A Gaussian integer is a complex number + such that a and b are integers. The norm (+) = + of a Gaussian integer is an integer equal to the square of the absolute value of the Gaussian integer.
The multiple choice section is scored by computer, with a correct answer receiving 1 point, with omitted and incorrect answers not affecting the raw score. This total is multiplied by 1.2 to calculate the adjusted multiple-choice score. [26] The free response section is hand-graded by hundreds of AP teachers and professors each June. [27]
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This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 13 January 2025. Educational assessment For other uses, see Exam (disambiguation) and Examination (disambiguation). Cambodian students taking an exam in order to apply for the Don Bosco Technical School of Sihanoukville in 2008 American students in a computer fundamentals class taking an online test in ...
[41] [42] For instance, the certainty of the Higgs boson particle's existence was based on the 5σ criterion, which corresponds to a p-value of about 1 in 3.5 million. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] In other fields of scientific research such as genome-wide association studies , significance levels as low as 5 × 10 −8 are not uncommon [ 44 ] [ 45 ] —as the ...
In practical terms, one begins with an initial guess as to the expected value of a quantity, and then, using various methods and instruments, reduces the uncertainty in the value. In this view, unlike the positivist representational theory, all measurements are uncertain, so instead of assigning one value, a range of values is assigned to a ...
The assessment and plan (abbreviated A/P" [1] or A&P) is a component of an admission note. Assessment includes a discussion of the differential diagnosis and supporting history and exam findings. The plan is typically broken out by problem or system. Each problem should include: brief summary of the problem, perhaps including what has been done ...