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Common side effects of raloxifene include hot flashes (25–28% vs. 18–21% for placebo), [14] vaginal dryness, and leg cramps (generally mild; 5.5% vs. 1.9% for placebo). [16] [3] [18] Raloxifene does not cause breast tenderness, endometrial hyperplasia, menstrual bleeding, or endometrial cancer. [19] It does not appear to affect cognition or ...
At that point, Enovid 10 mg had been in general use for three years and, by conservative estimate, at least half a million women had used it. [201] [205] [206] Although FDA-approved for contraceptive use, Searle never marketed Enovid 10 mg as a contraceptive. Eight months later, in February 1961, the FDA approved Enovid 5 mg for contraceptive use.
A dose-response also was observed in the trial; ospemifene 60 mg had greater efficacy than ospemifene 30 mg. [14] Safety was also evaluated in these phase 3 trials. There was a 5.2% increase in the incidence of hot flushes, 1.6% increase in urinary tract infections, and 0.5% increase in the incidence of headache with ospemifene over placebo. [ 14 ]
A report in September 2009 from Health and Human Services' Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality suggests that tamoxifen, raloxifene, and tibolone used to treat breast cancer significantly reduce invasive breast cancer in midlife and older women, but also increase the risk of adverse side effects.
One of the largest breast cancer prevention studies ever, [2] it included 22,000 women in 400 medical centers in the United States and Canada. [3] [4] [5]The study concluded that raloxifene caused fewer side-effects and less endometrial cancer than tamoxifen.
Estradiol/raloxifene (E2/RLX) is a tissue-selective estrogen complex (TSEC) which was studied for potential use in menopausal hormone therapy but was never marketed. [ 2 ] [ 1 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Today, E2/RLX is not generally used due to concerns of endometrial hyperplasia .
The side effects of toremifene are similar to those of tamoxifen. [5] The most common side effect is hot flashes. [5] Other side effects include sweating, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, vaginal discharge, and vaginal bleeding. [5] [7] In women with bone metastases, hypercalcemia may occur. [5] Toremifene has a small risk of thromboembolic events. [5]
Bazedoxifene, used as bazedoxifene acetate, is a medication for bone problems and possibly (pending more study) for cancer. [2] It is a third-generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). [3]