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Graphesthesia is the ability to recognize writing on the skin purely by the sensation of touch. Its name derives from Greek graphē ("writing") and aisthēsis ("perception"). Graphesthesia tests combined cortical sensation; therefore, it is necessary that primary sensation be intact.
Agraphesthesia, or the lack of graphesthesia ability, results from brain damage, particularly to the parietal lobe, thalamus, and secondary somatosensory cortex. [1]A significant relationship has been found between agraphesthesia and people living with Alzheimer's disease.
A neurological examination is the assessment of sensory neuron and motor responses, especially reflexes, to determine whether the nervous system is impaired. This typically includes a physical examination and a review of the patient's medical history, [1] but not deeper investigation such as neuroimaging.
Romberg's test is not a test of cerebellar function, as it is commonly misconstrued. Patients with severe cerebellar ataxia will generally be unable to balance even with their eyes open; [ 6 ] therefore, the test cannot proceed beyond the first step and no patient with cerebellar ataxia can correctly be described as Romberg's positive.
Chart 1 is the basic version, which is the most familiar and widely used chart among all the charts. In this chart the grid consists of 0.5 cm squares (each for 1° visual field), which totally measures 10 cm X 10 cm size. Most commonly grid is in white color with black background. [3]
The Group–Bourdon test, a modification of the Bourdon–Wiersma, is one of a number of psychometric tests which trainee train drivers in the UK are required to pass. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The test is based on the work of French psychologist Benjamin B. Bourdon (1860–1943) and Dutch neurologist Enno Dirk Wiersma [ nl ] (1858–1940).
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Two-point discrimination (2PD) is the ability to discern that two nearby objects touching the skin are truly two distinct points, not one.It is often tested with two sharp points during a neurological examination [1]: 632 [2]: 71 and is assumed to reflect how finely innervated an area of skin is.