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An autoclave is a machine used to carry out industrial and scientific processes requiring elevated temperature and pressure in relation to ambient pressure and/or temperature. Autoclaves are used before surgical procedures to perform sterilization and in the chemical industry to cure coatings and vulcanize rubber and for hydrothermal synthesis ...
Solvothermal synthesis is a method of producing chemical compounds, in which a solvent containing reagents is put under high pressure and temperature in an autoclave. Many substances dissolve better in the same solvent in such conditions than at standard conditions , enabling reactions that would not otherwise occur and leading to new compounds ...
Tyndallization is a process from the nineteenth century for sterilizing substances, usually food, named after its inventor John Tyndall, that can be used to kill heat-resistant endospores.
Microorganisms growing on an agar plate. Sterilization (British English: sterilisation) refers to any process that removes, kills, or deactivates all forms of life (particularly microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, spores, and unicellular eukaryotic organisms) and other biological agents (such as prions or viruses) present in fluid or on a specific surface or object. [1]
The autoclave process gives a very high pathogen and virus kill rate, although the fibrous products which come from the process are susceptible to bacteria and fungus as they are high in starch, cellulose and amino acids. When designed for sterilizing waste containing mostly liquids, a waste autoclave is known as an Effluent Decontamination System.
Geobacillus stearothermophilus (previously Bacillus stearothermophilus) [1] [2] is a rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacterium and a member of the phylum Bacillota.The bacterium is a thermophile and is widely distributed in soil, hot springs, ocean sediment, and is a cause of spoilage in food products.
Biomass is heated together with water to 180 °C (356 °F) in a pressure vessel, in particular vegetable material (in the following reaction equation, simplified as sugar with the formula C 6 H 12 O 6). The pressure rises to about 1 megapascal (150 psi). During the reaction, oxonium ions are also formed which reduce the pH to pH 5 and lower.
For example, for a 90% reduction of Cryptosporidium, a minimum dose of 2,500 μW·s/cm 2 is required based on EPA's 2006 guidance manual. [70]: 1–7 "Sterilization" is often misquoted as being achievable. While it is theoretically possible in a controlled environment, it is very difficult to prove and the term "disinfection" is generally used ...