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Enthesitis is inflammation of the entheses (singular: enthesis), the sites where tendons, ligaments and joint capsules attach to bones. [1] [2] It is a type of enthesopathy, meaning any pathologic condition of the entheses, with or without inflammation. There are some cases of isolated, primary enthesitis which are very poorly studied and ...
[1] There are two types of entheses: fibrous entheses and fibrocartilaginous entheses. [2] [3] In a fibrous enthesis, the collagenous tendon or ligament directly attaches to the bone. In a fibrocartilaginous enthesis, the interface presents a gradient that crosses four transition zones: [4]
An enthesopathy refers to a disorder involving the attachment of a tendon or ligament to a bone. [1] This site of attachment is known as the enthesis (pl. entheses). If the condition is known to be inflammatory, it can more precisely be called an enthesitis.
Spondyloarthritis (SpA), also known as spondyloarthropathy, is a collection of syndromes connected by genetic predisposition and clinical symptoms. [1] The best-known subtypes are enteropathic arthritis (EA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and reactive arthritis (ReA). [2]
Enthesitis of the manubriocostal, costosternal, and costovertebral articulations causes thoracic pain. It worsens with coughing and deep inspirations, and it restricts the expansion of the respiratory system with varying-length episodes. Ankylosing spondylitis has been linked with dactylitis.
[1] [3] [4] Golfer's elbow appears to occur from repetitive full swings during the period from the top of the backswing to just before ball impact. [1] The full swing motion causes high energy valgus forces during the late cocking (backswing in golf) and acceleration phase (downswing and impact). [1]
Cozen's test is a physical examination performed to evaluate for tennis elbow involving pain with resisted wrist extension. [31] The test is said to be positive if a resisted wrist extension triggers pain to the lateral aspect of the elbow owing to stress placed upon the tendon of the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle. [ 32 ]
Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT), also known as non-exercise physical activity (NEPA), [1] is energy expenditure during activities that are not part of a structured exercise program. NEAT includes physical activity at the workplace, hobbies, standing instead of sitting, walking around, climbing stairs, doing chores, and fidgeting .