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In a recent study, [13] researchers from 63 countries combined 30-minutes rainfall data in order to estimate the global rainfall erosivity (an index combining the amount, frequency and intensity of rainfall). The arid and cold climate zones have very low number of erosive events.
Rain gauge for measuring liquid precipitation over a set period of time; Wind sock for measuring general wind speed and wind direction; Wind vane (also called a weather vane or a weathercock) for showing the wind direction; Present Weather/Precipitation Identification Sensor for identifying falling precipitation; Disdrometer for measuring drop ...
Human activities can also impose forcings, for example, through changing the composition of Earth's atmosphere. Radiative forcing is a measure of how various factors alter the energy balance of planet Earth. [12] A positive radiative forcing will lead towards a warming of the surface and, over time, the climate system.
The Köppen climate classification divides Earth climates into five main climate groups, with each group being divided based on patterns of seasonal precipitation and temperature. The five main groups are A (tropical), B (arid), C (temperate), D (continental), and E (polar).
The climate of a location is affected by its latitude, longitude, terrain, altitude, land use and nearby water bodies and their currents. [3] Climates can be classified according to the average and typical variables, most commonly temperature and precipitation. The most widely used classification scheme is the Köppen climate classification.
The numerical index is based on an overall interpretation of the available documentary evidence indicating the temperature or precipitation conditions of a particular month or season. The so-called Pfister index is the most widely used temperature and precipitation index. [4]
The 18 O/ 16 O ratio in calcite and ice core samples used to deduce ocean temperature in the distant past is an example of a temperature proxy method. The remnants of plants, and specifically pollen, are also used to study climatic change. Plant distributions vary under different climate conditions.
These factors can each influence the safety of marine transit. Consequently, a variety of codes have been established to efficiently transmit detailed marine weather forecasts to vessel pilots via radio, for example the MAFOR (marine forecast). [104] Typical weather forecasts can be received at sea through the use of RTTY, Navtex and Radiofax.