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Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a form of angiopathy in which amyloid beta peptide deposits in the walls of small to medium blood vessels of the central nervous system and meninges. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The term congophilic is sometimes used because the presence of the abnormal aggregations of amyloid can be demonstrated by microscopic examination ...
Vascular dementia can sometimes be triggered by cerebral amyloid angiopathy, which involves accumulation of amyloid beta plaques in the walls of the cerebral arteries, leading to breakdown and rupture of the vessels. [2] [5] Since amyloid plaques are a characteristic feature of Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia may occur as a consequence ...
Diagnosis of amyloidosis generally requires tissue biopsy. [2] The biopsy is assessed for evidence of characteristic amyloid deposits. The tissue is treated with various stains. The most useful stain in the diagnosis of amyloid is Congo red, which, combined with polarized light, makes the amyloid proteins appear apple-green on microscopy.
However, several aspects of amyloid biology are still under investigation. For example, recent evidence has suggested that amyloid plaque formation is linked to brain microvascular trauma. [49] [50] Other research implicates chronic inflammation of the brain and immune dysfunction of the nervous system. [51] [52]
Instead, it is most commonly associated with hemorrhage of small vessels in the cerebral cortex. [2] The strongest risk factor for intraparenchymal hemorrhage associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy is old age, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy is most frequently seen in patients who already have, or will soon be diagnosed with, dementia. [3]
AL amyloidosis is caused by the deposition of abnormal antibody free light chains. The abnormal light chains are produced by monoclonal plasma cells, and, although AL amyloidosis can occur without diagnosis of another disorder, it is often associated with other plasma cell disorders, such as multiple myeloma and Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. [6]
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy, a disease characterized by deposition of amyloid beta peptides in the walls of the small blood vessels of the brain, leading to weakened blood vessel walls and an increased risk of bleeding; is also an important risk factor for the development of intracerebral hemorrhage.
Non-traumatic causes of hemorrhage includes: hypertension, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, hemorrhagic conversion of ischemic infarction, cerebral aneurysms, dural arteriovenous fistulae, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, cerebral vasculitis and mycotic aneurysm. [3] More than half of all cases of intracranial hemorrhage are the result of ...
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