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Ultrafast laser spectroscopy is a category of spectroscopic techniques using ultrashort pulse lasers for the study of dynamics on extremely short time scales (attoseconds to nanoseconds). Different methods are used to examine the dynamics of charge carriers, atoms, and molecules.
Ultrafast electron diffraction, also known as femtosecond electron diffraction, is a pump-probe experimental method based on the combination of optical pump-probe spectroscopy and electron diffraction. Ultrafast electron diffraction provides information on the dynamical changes of the structure of materials.
Ultrafast X-ray diffraction (time-resolved X-ray diffraction) can surpass ultrashortpulse visible techniques, which are limited to detecting structures on the level of valence and free electrons. Ultrashort pulse X-ray techniques are able to resolve atomic scales, where dynamic structural changes and reactions occur in the interior of a material.
Terahertz spectroscopy detects and controls properties of matter with electromagnetic fields that are in the frequency range between a few hundred gigahertz and several terahertz (abbreviated as THz). In many-body systems, several of the relevant states have an energy difference that matches with the energy of a THz photon. Therefore, THz ...
The term electronic refers to the fact that the optical frequencies in the visible spectral range are used to excite electronic energy states of the system; however, such a technique is also used in the IR optical range (excitation of vibrational states) and in this case the method is called two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy (2DIR). [2]
Frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG) is a general method for measuring the spectral phase of ultrashort laser pulses, which range from subfemtosecond to about a nanosecond in length.
In ultrafast optics, spectral phase interferometry for direct electric-field reconstruction (SPIDER) is an ultrashort pulse measurement technique originally developed by Chris Iaconis and Ian Walmsley.
Ultrafast spectroscopic techniques measure dynamics on an attosecond to picosecond time scale. They typically make use of optical pump-probe schemes. Less common is the combination of an optical pump with an electronic probe.
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