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  2. Mutualism (biology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)

    Despite a different definition between mutualism and symbiosis, they have been largely used interchangeably in the past, and confusion on their use has persisted. [6] Mutualism plays a key part in ecology and evolution. For example, mutualistic interactions are vital for terrestrial ecosystem function as:

  3. Non-trophic networks - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-trophic_networks

    Currently, ecological networks that integrate non-trophic interactions are being built. The type of interactions they can contain can be classified into six categories: mutualism, commensalism, neutralism, amensalism, antagonism, and competition. Observing and estimating the fitness costs and benefits of species interactions can be very ...

  4. Symbiosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiosis

    The black walnut secretes a chemical from its roots that harms neighboring plants, an example of antagonism. Amensalism is a non-symbiotic, asymmetric interaction where one species is harmed or killed by the other, and one is unaffected by the other. [34] [35] There are two types of amensalism, competition and antagonism (or antibiosis ...

  5. Biological interaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_interaction

    Mutualism is an interaction between two or more species, where species derive a mutual benefit, for example an increased carrying capacity. Similar interactions within a species are known as co-operation. Mutualism may be classified in terms of the closeness of association, the closest being symbiosis, which is often confused with mutualism.

  6. Cooperation (evolution) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperation_(evolution)

    Many lichens are examples of obligate symbiosis. In fact, one-fifth of all known extant fungal species form obligate symbiotic associations with green algae, cyanobacteria or both. [24] Not all examples of mutualism are also examples of cooperation. Specifically, in by-product mutualism, both participants benefit, but cooperation is not involved.

  7. Interspecies friendship - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interspecies_friendship

    The mutualistic relationship observed between coyotes and badgers after hunting ground squirrels together is an example of mutualism developing into an unlikely interspecies friendship. [2] Interspecies friendships often form between humans and domesticated animals through mutualism in which the human gains something beneficial from their pet ...

  8. Mutualisms and conservation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutualisms_and_conservation

    Perhaps global mutualism coextinctions are genuinely uncommon, and the model predictions are inaccurate. The models may overestimate the specificity of the mutualisms, because species may only associate with alternative species when their 'normal' mutualist is rare or absent. For example, oligolectic bees visit a small number of flowers for ...

  9. Ecological facilitation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_facilitation

    A symbiosis is a prolonged, close association between organisms, and some examples of mutualistic symbioses include: Gut flora Associations between a host species and a microbe living in the host's digestive tract , wherein the host provides habitat and nourishment to the microbe in exchange for digestive services.