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Graphene (/ ˈ ɡ r æ f iː n /) [1] is a carbon allotrope consisting of a single layer of atoms arranged in a honeycomb planar nanostructure. [2] [3] The name "graphene" is derived from "graphite" and the suffix -ene, indicating the presence of double bonds within the carbon structure.
Graphene doped with various gaseous species (both acceptors and donors) can be returned to an undoped state by gentle heating in vacuum. [22] [24] Even for dopant concentrations in excess of 10 12 cm −2 carrier mobility exhibits no observable change. [24] Graphene doped with potassium in ultra-high vacuum at low temperature can reduce ...
Graphene oxide flakes in polymers display enhanced photo-conducting properties. [10] Graphene is normally hydrophobic and impermeable to all gases and liquids (vacuum-tight). However, when formed into graphene oxide-based capillary membrane, both liquid water and water vapor flow through as quickly as if the membrane was not present. [11]
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are long hollow cylinders of graphene. Although graphene sheets have 2D symmetry, carbon nanotubes by geometry have different properties in axial and radial directions. It has been shown that CNTs are very strong in the axial direction. [1]
Graphene aerogels have a Young's modulus on the order of 50 MPa. [7] They can be compressed elastically to strain values >50%. [6] The stiffness and compressibility of graphene aerogels can be attributed in part to the strong sp 2 bonding of graphene and the π-π interaction between carbon sheets.
In physics, Dirac cones are features that occur in some electronic band structures that describe unusual electron transport properties of materials like graphene and topological insulators. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] In these materials, at energies near the Fermi level , the valence band and conduction band take the shape of the upper and lower halves ...
So far, the graphene plasmonic effects have been demonstrated for different applications ranging from light modulation [15] [16] to biological/chemical sensing. [17] [18] [19] High-speed photodetection at 10 Gbit/s based on graphene and 20-fold improvement on the detection efficiency through graphene/gold nanostructure were also reported. [20]
A rapidly increasing list of graphene production techniques have been developed to enable graphene's use in commercial applications. [1]Isolated 2D crystals cannot be grown via chemical synthesis beyond small sizes even in principle, because the rapid growth of phonon density with increasing lateral size forces 2D crystallites to bend into the third dimension. [2]