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  2. Spinal fusion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_fusion

    Like any surgery, complications may include infection, blood loss, and nerve damage. [4] Fusion also changes the normal motion of the spine and results in more stress on the vertebrae above and below the fused segments. As a result, long-term complications include degeneration at these adjacent spine segments. [2]

  3. Klippel–Feil syndrome - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klippel–Feil_syndrome

    In 1953, further complications were later reported by McRae; flexion and extension is concentrated within the C1 and C2 vertebrae. As with aging, the odontoid process can become hypermobile, narrowing the space where the spinal cord and brain stem travel (spinal stenosis). Type II—Long fusion below C2 with an abnormal occipital-cervical junction.

  4. Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_cervical...

    Bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP) should not be routinely used in any type of anterior cervical spine fusion, such as with anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. [2] [3] There are reports of this therapy causing swelling of soft tissue which in turn can cause life-threatening complications due to difficulty swallowing and pressure on the respiratory tract.

  5. Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuse_idiopathic...

    Complications may include paralysis, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), and lung infections. Although DISH manifests in a similar manner to ankylosing spondylitis , they are separate diseases. Ankylosing spondylitis is a genetic disease with identifiable marks, tends to start showing signs in adolescence or young adulthood, is more likely to ...

  6. Failed back syndrome - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failed_back_syndrome

    The very long-term outcome (mean follow-up time of 12.4 years) was excellent-to-good in 68% of patients (59% women and 73% men). Furthermore, in the longitudinal follow-up, the result improved between 1985 and 1991. No special complications were manifested during this very long-term follow-up time.

  7. Total disc replacement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Disc_Replacement

    [19] [20] All prospective, randomized clinical studies that have been run in the United States have shown lumbar and cervical disc replacements to provide faster recovery, better long-term patient satisfaction, and fewer incidents of adjacent segment degeneration than comparative spinal fusion options.

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