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Thyrotoxic myopathy (TM) is a neuromuscular disorder that develops due to the overproduction of the thyroid hormone thyroxine. Also known as hyperthyroid myopathy , TM is one of many myopathies that lead to muscle weakness and muscle tissue breakdown.
Hoffmann syndrome is a rare form of hypothyroid myopathy and is not to be confused with Werdnig-Hoffmann disease (a type of spinal muscular atrophy). It was first documented in 1897 by Johann Hoffmann. [1] It has adult-onset symptoms and is comparable to the childhood-onset Kocher–Debré–Semelaigne syndrome.
Myxedema is more common in women than in men. [3] Myxedema can occur in: Hyperthyroidism, associated with pretibial myxedema and exophthalmos. Pretibial myxedema can occur in 1–4% of patients with Graves' disease, a cause of hyperthyroidism. [4] Hypothyroidism, including Hashimoto's thyroiditis. [5]
There may be symptoms of thyroid overactivity, such as weight loss, a fast or irregular heart rate, tremor, and perspiration; [1] [2] but such symptoms occur in only half of all cases. [5] The most common type of hyperthyroidism, Graves' disease , may additionally cause eye problems ( Graves' ophthalmopathy ) and skin changes of the legs ...
Thyroid storm is a severe form of thyrotoxicosis characterized by rapid and often irregular heart beat, high temperature, vomiting, diarrhea, and mental agitation. Symptoms may not be typical in the young, old, or pregnant. [2] It usually occurs due to untreated hyperthyroidism and can be provoked by infections. [2]
Some women develop thyroid problems in the first year after giving birth. This is called postpartum thyroiditis. It often begins with symptoms of an overactive thyroid, which last 2 to 4 months. Mild symptoms might be overlooked. Affected women then develop symptoms of an underactive thyroid, which can last up to a year.
Other features are pseudomyotonia, myokymia, slow tendon reflex, slowed muscle contractions and relaxations, muscle stiffness, proximal muscle weakness and myopathy. The severity of these symptoms are determined by the period of hypothyroidism and the degree of deficiency of thyroid hormones. [10] It may also include macroglossia. [11]
Pretibial myxedema is almost always preceded by the ocular signs found in Graves' disease. [3] It usually presents itself as a waxy, discolored induration of the skin—classically described as having a so-called peau d'orange (orange peel) appearance—on the anterior aspect of the lower legs, spreading to the dorsum of the feet, or as a non-localised, non-pitting edema of the skin in the ...