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Perchloric acid is a mineral acid with the formula H Cl O 4. It is an oxoacid of chlorine . Usually found as an aqueous solution, this colorless compound is a stronger acid than sulfuric acid , nitric acid and hydrochloric acid .
Perchloric acid is made by treating NaClO 4 with HCl. [5] Ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate, of interest in rocketry and pyrotechnics, are prepared by double decomposition from a solution of sodium perchlorate and ammonium chloride or potassium chloride, respectively.
As perchloric acid is one of the strongest mineral acids, perchlorate is a weak base in the sense of Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory. As it is also generally a weakly coordinating anion , perchlorate is commonly used as a background , or supporting, electrolyte .
Ammonium perchlorate (AP) is produced by reaction between ammonia and perchloric acid.This process is the main outlet for the industrial production of perchloric acid.The salt also can be produced by salt metathesis reaction of ammonium salts with sodium perchlorate.
Potassium perchlorate in crystal form. Potassium perchlorate is prepared industrially by treating an aqueous solution of sodium perchlorate with potassium chloride.This single precipitation reaction exploits the low solubility of KClO 4, which is about 1/100 as much as the solubility of NaClO 4 (209.6 g/100 mL at 25 °C).
This compound hydrolyzes in water to form nitrous acid and perchloric acid: [5] NOClO 4 + H 2 O → HNO 2 + HClO 4. With a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide, it produces perchlorate, nitrite, nitrate, nitric oxide, and water. This reaction was used to calculate the heat of formation of nitrosyl perchlorate.
Silver perchlorate is created by heating a mixture of perchloric acid with silver nitrate. Alternatively, it can be prepared by the reaction between barium perchlorate and silver sulfate, or from the reaction of perchloric acid with silver oxide.
Barium perchlorate can be prepared using many different reagents and methods. One method involves evaporating a solution containing barium chloride and an excess of perchloric acid. The dihydrate form is produced by recrystallizing and drying to a constant weight. Additional drying over sulfuric acid yields the monohydrate.