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Jannik Bjerrum (son of Niels Bjerrum) developed the first general method for the determination of stability constants of metal-ammine complexes in 1941. [1] The reasons why this occurred at such a late date, nearly 50 years after Alfred Werner had proposed the correct structures for coordination complexes, have been summarised by Beck and Nagypál. [2]
Pourbaix diagram of iron. [1] The Y axis corresponds to voltage potential. In electrochemistry, and more generally in solution chemistry, a Pourbaix diagram, also known as a potential/pH diagram, E H –pH diagram or a pE/pH diagram, is a plot of possible thermodynamically stable phases (i.e., at chemical equilibrium) of an aqueous electrochemical system.
CH 3 CO 2 H + H 2 O ⇌ CH 3 CO − 2 + H 3 O + a proton may hop from one molecule of acetic acid onto a water molecule and then onto an acetate anion to form another molecule of acetic acid and leaving the number of acetic acid molecules unchanged. This is an example of dynamic equilibrium. Equilibria, like the rest of thermodynamics, are ...
Tetrachloronickelate is the metal complex with the formula [NiCl 4] 2−. Salts of the complex are available with a variety of cations, but a common one is tetraethylammonium. [1] Sample of (Et 4 N) 2 NiCl 4. When concentrated lithium chloride and nickel chloride solution in water is mixed, only a pentaaquachloro complex is formed: [Ni(H 2 O) 5 ...
For a system undergoing a reversible reaction described by the general chemical equation + + + + a thermodynamic equilibrium constant, denoted by , is defined to be the value of the reaction quotient Q t when forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate.
Thermite reaction proceeding for a railway welding. Shortly after this, the liquid iron flows into the mould around the rail gap. The Ellingham curve for aluminium lies below the curves of most metals such as chromium, iron, etc. This fact indicates that aluminium can be used as the reducing agent for oxides of all these metals.
The free concentrations are calculated by solving the equations of mass-balance, and the concentrations of the complexes are calculated using the equilibrium constant definitions. A quantity corresponding to the observed quantity can then be calculated using physical principles such as the Nernst potential or Beer-Lambert law which relate the ...
For this assumption to be valid, equilibrium constants must be determined in a medium of relatively high ionic strength. Where this is not possible, consideration should be given to possible activity variation. The equilibrium expression above is a function of the concentrations [A], [B] etc. of the chemical species in equilibrium. The ...