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  2. Optimism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimism

    Half a glass of water, illustration of two different mental attitudes, optimism (half full) and pessimism (half empty) Optimism is the attitude or mindset of expecting events to lead to particularly positive, favorable, desirable, and hopeful outcomes. A common idiom used to illustrate optimism versus pessimism is a glass filled with water to ...

  3. Meliorism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meliorism

    For James, [2] meliorism stands in the middle between optimism and pessimism, and treats the salvation of the world as a probability rather than a certainty or impossibility. In the case of a meliorist praxis , the activist contemporary of the Pragmatists Jane Addams stripped progressive ideals of any elitist privilege calling for a "lateral ...

  4. Philosophical pessimism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_pessimism

    Philosophical pessimism is a philosophical tradition which argues that life is not worth living and that non-existence is preferable to existence. Thinkers in this tradition emphasize that suffering outweighs pleasure, happiness is fleeting or unattainable, and existence itself does not hold inherent value or an intrinsic purpose.

  5. Pessimism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pessimism

    Pessimism is a mental attitude in which an undesirable outcome is anticipated from a given situation. Pessimists tend to focus on the negatives of life in general ...

  6. Learned optimism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learned_optimism

    Pessimism, on the other hand, is much more common; pessimists are more likely to give up in the face of adversity or to suffer from depression. Seligman invites pessimists to learn to be optimists by thinking about their reactions to adversity in a new way. The resulting optimism—one that grew from pessimism—is a learned optimism.

  7. Positive psychology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_psychology

    the dialectic of optimism and pessimism Optimism is associated with longevity, but strategic pessimism can lead to more effective planning and decision making. the dialectic of self-esteem and humility Self-esteem is related to well-being, but pursuit of self-esteem can increase depression.

  8. Bill Gates’ secret to success is optimism, says psychology ...

    www.aol.com/finance/secret-sauce-behind-bill...

    As a result, optimism often gets overlooked. However, psychologist and author Morgan Housel thinks being able to balance the two is an underrated ability that Gates’ has mastered—and so could you.

  9. Sociology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology

    Sociology is the scientific study of human society that focuses on society, human social behavior, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, ...