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Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory (/ ˈ v ɛ s p ər, v ə ˈ s ɛ p ər / VESP-ər, [1]: 410 və-SEP-ər [2]) is a model used in chemistry to predict the geometry of individual molecules from the number of electron pairs surrounding their central atoms. [3]
In most cases, the factors are simply averages of all available data of acceptable quality, and are generally assumed to be representative of long-term averages. The equation for the estimation of emissions before emission reduction controls are applied is: E = A × EF. and for emissions after reduction controls are applied: E = A × EF × (1 ...
[7] [8] [2] This means that for specific amount of cumulative CO 2 emissions, a known global temperature change (within a range of uncertainty) can be expected, which indicates that holding global temperature change to below specific thresholds is a problem of limiting cumulative CO 2 emissions, leading to the idea of a carbon budget. [2] [9] [3]
The embodied carbon of buildings is estimated to count for 11% of global carbon emissions and 75% of a building's emissions over its entire lifecycle. [7] The World Green Building Council has set a target for all new buildings to have at least 40% less embodied carbon.
Greenhouse gas emissions from human activities strengthen the greenhouse effect. This contributes to climate change. Most is carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels: coal, oil, and natural gas. Human-caused emissions have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide by about 50% over pre-industrial levels.
The Kaya identity is a mathematical identity stating that the total emission level of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide can be expressed as the product of four factors: human population, GDP per capita, energy intensity (per unit of GDP), and carbon intensity (emissions per unit of energy consumed).
Certified emission reduction units (CERs) by country of origin October 2012 Certified emission reduction units (CERs) monthly spot prices 2012. Certified emission reductions (CERs) originally designed a type of emissions unit (or carbon credits) issued by the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Executive Board for emission reductions achieved by CDM projects and verified by a DOE (Designated ...
The emissions baseline is, by definition, the emissions that would occur in the absence of policy intervention. Definition of the baseline scenario is critical in the assessment of mitigation costs. [220]: 469 This because the baseline determines the potential for emissions reductions, and the costs of implementing emission reduction policies.