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A set of three mutually perpendicular reflective surfaces, placed to form the internal corner of a cube, work as a retroreflector. The three corresponding normal vectors of the corner's sides form a basis (x, y, z) in which to represent the direction of an arbitrary incoming ray, [a, b, c].
The locations of lunar retroreflectors left by Apollo (A) and Luna (L) missions. Retroreflectors are devices which reflect light back to its source. Six were left at six sites on the Moon by three crews of the Apollo program, two by remote landers of the Lunokhod program, and one by the Chandrayaan program. [1]
A modulating retro-reflector (MRR) system combines an optical retro-reflector and an optical modulator to allow optical communications [1] and sometimes other functions such as programmable signage. [2] Free space optical communication technology has emerged in recent years as an attractive alternative to the conventional radio frequency (RF ...
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The Laser Ranging Retroreflector (LRRR) is the first ever deployable lunar laser ranging experiment.It was carried on Apollo 11 as part of the Early Apollo Scientific Experiments Package, and on Apollo 14 and Apollo 15 as part of the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package (ALSEP).
Opposition surge from the retroreflective lunar soil brightens the area around Buzz Aldrin's shadow during Apollo 11 (photo by Neil Armstrong).. The opposition surge (sometimes known as the opposition effect, opposition spike or Seeliger effect [1]) is the brightening of a rough surface, or an object with many particles, when illuminated from directly behind the observer.
Many different colors and degrees of reflection intensity are provided by numerous manufacturers for various applications. As with any retroreflector, sheeting glows brightly when there is a small angle between the observer's eye and the light source directed toward the sheeting but appears nonreflective when viewed from other directions.
Reflection of light is either specular (mirror-like) or diffuse (retaining the energy, but losing the image) depending on the nature of the interface.In specular reflection the phase of the reflected waves depends on the choice of the origin of coordinates, but the relative phase between s and p (TE and TM) polarizations is fixed by the properties of the media and of the interface between them.