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Pure germanium is known to spontaneously extrude very long screw dislocations, referred to as germanium whiskers. The growth of these whiskers is one of the primary reasons for the failure of older diodes and transistors made from germanium, as, depending on what they eventually touch, they may lead to an electrical short. [40]
Two oxides of germanium are known: germanium dioxide (GeO 2, germania) and germanium monoxide, (GeO). [4] The dioxide, GeO 2 can be obtained by roasting germanium disulfide (GeS 2) or by allowing elemental germanium to slowly oxidze in air, [5] and is a white powder that is only slightly soluble in water but reacts with alkalis to form germanates. [4]
Germanium-containing ores are first treated with chlorine to form germanium tetrachloride, which is mixed with hydrogen gas. Then the germanium is further refined by zone refining. Roughly 140 metric tons of germanium are produced each year. [18] Mines output 300,000 metric tons of tin each year.
China on Tuesday banned exports to the United States of the critical minerals gallium, germanium and antimony that have widespread military applications, escalating trade tensions the day after ...
The parent isotope germanium-68 is the longest-lived (271 days) of the radioisotopes of germanium. It has been produced by several methods. [1] In the U.S., it is primarily produced in proton accelerators: At Los Alamos National Laboratory, it may be separated out as a product of proton capture, after proton irradiation of Nb-encapsulated gallium metal. [2]
Metal Largest producer Second largest producer Complete list Aluminium [6] China India List of countries by aluminium production: Bauxite [7] Australia Guinea List of countries by bauxite production
Last month, China banned exports to the United States of critical minerals gallium, germanium and antimony. Prices of antimony, used in semiconductors and military applications, hit all-time highs ...
“We’ve basically made an agreement with very little data,” warned one expert. ... antimony, gallium, and germanium. Under the deal, Ukraine will receive "$350 billion and lots of equipment ...