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Progressive bifocal chorioretinal atrophy, also known for its abbreviations PBCRA or CRAPB, [1] is a rare, slowly progressive, autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by relatively large-sized atrophic hole-shaped lesions in the macular and nasal retina, myopia, low visual acuity, and nystagmus.
When the retina detaches, common symptoms include seeing floaters, flashing lights, a dark shadow in vision, and sudden blurry vision. [1] [3] The most common type of retinal detachment is rhegmatogenous, which occurs when a tear or hole in the retina lets fluid from the center of the eye get behind it, causing the retina to pull away. [6]
Lattice degeneration is a disease of the human eye wherein the peripheral retina becomes atrophic in a lattice pattern. Usually, this happens slowly over time and does not cause any symptoms, and medical intervention is neither needed nor recommended.
Pin-hole: testing visual acuity Red green goggles (red - right side & green - left side) used in Worth 4 dot test, diplopia testing Prisms: to measure the degree of squints; in other instruments; refractive correction; etc. Placido's disc: to assess the condition of the corneal surface Retinoscope
Fundus of geographic atrophy. Geographic atrophy (GA), also known as atrophic age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or advanced dry AMD, is an advanced form of age-related macular degeneration that can result in the progressive and irreversible loss of retinal tissue (photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, choriocapillaris) which can lead to a loss of central vision over time.
Watzke-Allen test is a test used in the diagnosis of a macular hole. It is a subjective test based on photoreceptor displacement. [1] Test can be used to differentiate full thickness macular hole from other similar conditions and also to assess retinal function after surgical closure of the hole. [2] [3]
Recently, central serous chorioretinopathy has been understood to be part of the pachychoroid spectrum. [5] [6] In pachychoroid spectrum disorders, of which CSR represents stage II, the choroid, the highly vascularized layer below the retina, is thickened and congested with increased blood vessel diameter, especially in the deep choroid (the so-called Haller's layer).
During rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, fluid from the vitreous humor enters a retinal hole. The mechanisms by which retinal holes or tears form are not fully understood yet. The accumulation of fluid in the subretinal space and the tractional force of the vitreous on the retina result in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.
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