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Estrogens may be used in treatment of infertility in women when there is a need to develop sperm-friendly cervical mucus or an appropriate uterine lining. [65] [66] It is also commonly used during in vitro fertilization (IVF). Estrogen helps maintain the endometrial lining of the uterus and help prepare for pregnancy.
Therapy can take the form of an estrogen pill, skin patch, ring, gel, cream, or spray, and it usually includes a second hormone, progestogen, which can be either progesterone or a synthetic progestin.
Atypical (dual estrogen and nitrogen mustard alkylating antineoplastic): Estramustine phosphate sodium (Emcyt) – 140 mg; Oral estradiol valerate (except in combination with dienogest as an oral contraceptive) is not available in the U.S. and is used primarily in Europe. [2]
Promestriene (INN Tooltip International Nonproprietary Name) (brand names Colpotrofin, Colpotrophine, Delipoderm), also known as estradiol 3-propyl 17β-methyl diether, is a synthetic estrogen which is used topically in a 1% cream formulation for the treatment of vaginal atrophy in women.
Vaginal estrogen is a form of estrogen that is delivered by intravaginal administration. Vaginally administered estrogens are thereby exerting their effects mainly in the nearby tissue, with more limited systemic effects compared to orally administered estrogens. [ 1 ]
Estrone is an estrogen, specifically an agonist of the estrogen receptors (ERs) ERα and ERβ. [5] [44] It is a far less potent estrogen than is estradiol, and as such is a relatively weak estrogen. [5] [44] Given by subcutaneous injection in mice, estradiol is about 10-fold more potent than estrone and about 100-fold more potent than estriol. [45]
Bioidentical hormones were first used for menopausal symptom relief in the 1930s, [2] after Canadian researcher James Collip developed a method to extract an orally active estrogen from the urine of pregnant women and marketed it as the active agent in a product called Emmenin. [3]