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  2. Swimming pool sanitation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_pool_sanitation

    Over time, calcium from municipal water tends to accumulate, developing salt deposits in the swimming pool walls and equipment (filters, pumps), reducing their effectiveness. Therefore, it is advised to either completely drain the pool, and refill it with fresh water, or recycle the existing pool water, using reverse osmosis. The advantage of ...

  3. Lime softening - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_softening

    Lime softening (also known as lime buttering, lime-soda treatment, or Clark's process) [1] is a type of water treatment used for water softening, which uses the addition of limewater (calcium hydroxide) to remove hardness (deposits of calcium and magnesium salts) by precipitation.

  4. Water softening - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_softening

    Water softening is the removal of calcium, magnesium, and certain other metal cations in hard water. The resulting soft water requires less soap for the same cleaning effort, as soap is not wasted bonding with calcium ions. Soft water also extends the lifetime of plumbing by reducing or eliminating scale build-up in pipes

  5. Hard water - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_water

    Recommendations have been made for the minimum and maximum levels of calcium (40–80 ppm) and magnesium (20–30 ppm) in drinking water, and a total hardness expressed as the sum of the calcium and magnesium concentrations of 2–4 mmol/L. [14] Other studies have shown weak correlations between cardiovascular health and water hardness.

  6. Salt water chlorination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_water_chlorination

    Salt water chlorination is a process that uses dissolved salt (1000–4000 ppm or 1–4 g/L) for the chlorination of swimming pools and hot tubs.The chlorine generator (also known as salt cell, salt generator, salt chlorinator, or SWG) uses electrolysis in the presence of dissolved salt to produce chlorine gas or its dissolved forms, hypochlorous acid and sodium hypochlorite, which are already ...

  7. Water purification - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_purification

    Recommendations for magnesium have been put at a minimum of 10 mg/L with 20–30 mg/L optimum; for calcium a 20 mg/L minimum and a 40–80 mg/L optimum, and a total water hardness (adding magnesium and calcium) of 2 to 4 mmol/L. At water hardness above 5 mmol/L, higher incidence of gallstones, kidney stones, urinary stones, arthrosis, and ...

  8. Biotic Ligand Model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotic_Ligand_Model

    The BLM is used to predict the lethal accumulation (LA50) of metals on the gill surface that results in mortality of 50% of the exposed individuals. [3] [10] Accumulation of metals on the gill surface is dependent on the specific area's water quality as the metal's bioavailability for binding with the ligand will be determined by what's in the water that the metal is likely to complex to other ...

  9. Total dissolved solids - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_dissolved_solids

    When measuring water treated with water softeners, high levels of total dissolved solids do not correlate to hard water, as water softeners do not reduce TDS; rather, they replace magnesium and calcium ions, which cause hard water, with an equal charge of sodium or potassium ions, e.g. Ca 2+ ⇌ 2 Na +, leaving overall TDS unchanged [9] or even ...

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