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ch 3 (ch 2) 7 ch=ch(ch 2) 11 co 2 h + o 3 + 0.5 o 2 → ch 3 (ch 2) 7 co 2 h + ho 2 c(ch 2) 11 co 2 h A number of drugs and their intermediates have been produced by ozonolysis. [ 22 ] The use of ozone in the pharmaceutical industry is difficult to discern owing to confidentiality considerations.
Hydroxyl radicals will form by the shrinking of microbubbles; it is due to an increase in the value of electromotive force on the liquid interface. Hydroxyl radical(•OH) and H + accumulate rapidly at the bubble interface. Ozone reacts with hydroxyl ions and hydroxyl radicals will form. The formation of hydroxyl radicals is pH-dependent.
The formation of the ozone layer is also caused by photodissociation. Ozone in the Earth's stratosphere is created by ultraviolet light striking oxygen molecules containing two oxygen atoms (O 2), splitting them into individual oxygen atoms (atomic oxygen). The atomic oxygen then combines with unbroken O 2 to create ozone, O 3. [17]
H 2 O 2 + UV → 2·OH (homolytic bond cleavage of the O-O bond of H 2 O 2 leads to formation of 2·OH radicals) UV/HOCl: [14] [13] HOCl + UV → ·OH + Cl· Ozone based AOP: [15] O 3 + HO − → HO 2 − + O 2 (reaction between O 3 and a hydroxyl ion leads to the formation of H 2 O 2 (in charged form))
Atomic oxygen can then combine with more molecular oxygen to form ozone. O + O 2 → O 3. However, ozone can also be photolyzed back into O and O 2. O 3 → O + O 2. Furthermore, atomic oxygen and ozone can combine into O 2. O + O 3 → 2 O 2. This set of reactions govern the production of ozone and can be combined to calculate its equilibrium ...
1. oxygen photodissociation: O 2 + ℎν (<242 nm) → 2 O. Each oxygen atom may then combine with an oxygen molecule to form an ozone molecule: 2. ozone creation: O + O 2 + A → O 3 + A where A denotes an additional molecule or atom, such as N 2 or O 2, required to maintain the conservation of energy and momentum in the reaction.
Fenton's reagent is a solution of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) and an iron catalyst (typically iron(II) sulfate, FeSO 4). [1] It is used to oxidize contaminants or waste water as part of an advanced oxidation process. Fenton's reagent can be used to destroy organic compounds such as trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene).
Radiolysis is the dissociation of molecules by ionizing radiation.It is the cleavage of one or several chemical bonds resulting from exposure to high-energy flux.The radiation in this context is associated with ionizing radiation; radiolysis is therefore distinguished from, for example, photolysis of the Cl 2 molecule into two Cl-radicals, where (ultraviolet or visible spectrum) light is used.