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  2. Swimming pool sanitation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_pool_sanitation

    Over time, calcium from municipal water tends to accumulate, developing salt deposits in the swimming pool walls and equipment (filters, pumps), reducing their effectiveness. Therefore, it is advised to either completely drain the pool, and refill it with fresh water, or recycle the existing pool water, using reverse osmosis. The advantage of ...

  3. Carbonate hardness - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonate_hardness

    Carbonate hardness, is a measure of the water hardness caused by the presence of carbonate (CO 2− 3) and bicarbonate (HCO − 3) anions. Carbonate hardness is usually expressed either in degrees KH (from the German "Karbonathärte"), or in parts per million calcium carbonate ( ppm CaCO 3 or grams CaCO 3 per litre|mg/L).

  4. Biotic Ligand Model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotic_Ligand_Model

    The model was put into use in order to evaluate toxicity test results of metals as well as metals in mixtures. [2] Pagennkopf outlined that the compilation of previous studies on metals necessitated further examination of how metal toxicity changes as a function of pH, hardness and complexation capacity for the toxicity of metals to fishes. [4]

  5. Hard water - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_water

    In swimming pools, hard water is manifested by a turbid, or cloudy (milky), appearance to the water. Calcium and magnesium hydroxides are both soluble in water. The solubility of the hydroxides of the alkaline-earth metals to which calcium and magnesium belong (group 2 of the periodic table) increases moving down the column. Aqueous solutions ...

  6. dGH - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DGH

    Degrees of general hardness (dGH or °GH) is a unit of water hardness, specifically of general hardness. General hardness is a measure of the concentration of divalent metal ions such as calcium (Ca 2+) and magnesium (Mg 2+) per volume of water. Specifically, 1 dGH is defined as 10 milligrams (mg) of calcium oxide (CaO) per litre of

  7. Total dissolved solids - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_dissolved_solids

    When measuring water treated with water softeners, high levels of total dissolved solids do not correlate to hard water, as water softeners do not reduce TDS; rather, they replace magnesium and calcium ions, which cause hard water, with an equal charge of sodium or potassium ions, e.g. Ca 2+ ⇌ 2 Na +, leaving overall TDS unchanged [9] or even ...

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