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  2. Electron affinity (data page) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_affinity_(data_page)

    Electron affinity can be defined in two equivalent ways. First, as the energy that is released by adding an electron to an isolated gaseous atom. The second (reverse) definition is that electron affinity is the energy required to remove an electron from a singly charged gaseous negative ion.

  3. Electron affinity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_affinity

    The electron affinity of molecules is a complicated function of their electronic structure. For instance the electron affinity for benzene is negative, as is that of naphthalene, while those of anthracene, phenanthrene and pyrene are positive. In silico experiments show that the electron affinity of hexacyanobenzene surpasses that of fullerene. [5]

  4. Ionization energies of the elements (data page) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionization_energies_of_the...

    For each atom, the column marked 1 is the first ionization energy to ionize the neutral atom, the column marked 2 is the second ionization energy to remove a second electron from the +1 ion, the column marked 3 is the third ionization energy to remove a third electron from the +2 ion, and so on.

  5. Periodic trends - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_trends

    The energy released when an electron is added to a neutral gaseous atom to form an anion is known as electron affinity. [14] Trend-wise, as one progresses from left to right across a period , the electron affinity will increase as the nuclear charge increases and the atomic size decreases resulting in a more potent force of attraction of the ...

  6. Enthalpy of atomization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_atomization

    Enthalpy of atomization is the amount of enthalpy change when bonds of the compound are broken and the component atoms are separated into single atoms ( or monoatom). Enthalpy of atomization is denoted by the symbol ΔH at. The enthalpy change of atomization of gaseous H 2 O is, for example, the sum of the HO–H and H–OH bond dissociation ...

  7. Electron configurations of the elements (data page) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_configurations_of...

    As an approximate rule, electron configurations are given by the Aufbau principle and the Madelung rule. However there are numerous exceptions; for example the lightest exception is chromium, which would be predicted to have the configuration 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 4 4s 2 , written as [Ar] 3d 4 4s 2 , but whose actual configuration given ...

  8. Chalcogen - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcogen

    Sulfur makes up 0.035% of the Earth's crust by weight, making it the 17th most abundant element there [6] and makes up 0.25% of the human body. [54] It is a major component of soil. Sulfur makes up 870 parts per million of seawater and about 1 part per billion of the atmosphere. [ 2 ]

  9. Energy level - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_level

    [4] [5] Reverse electron transitions for all these types of excited molecules are also possible to return to their ground states, which can be designated as σ* → σ, π* → π, or π* → n. A transition in an energy level of an electron in a molecule may be combined with a vibrational transition and called a vibronic transition.