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Neuroplasticity is the process by which neurons adapt to a disturbance over time, and most often occurs in response to repeated exposure to stimuli. [27] Aerobic exercise increases the production of neurotrophic factors [note 1] (e.g., BDNF, IGF-1, VEGF) which mediate improvements in cognitive functions and various forms of memory by promoting blood vessel formation in the brain, adult ...
Because obesity can lead to many adverse health outcomes and conditions such as type 2 diabetes, musculoskeletal problems, cardiovascular disease, and even increased risk of colon or breast cancer ...
A marathoner's running economy is their sub maximal requirement for oxygen at specific speeds. This concept of running economy helps explain different marathon times for runners with similar aerobic capacities. [11] The steady state oxygen consumption used to define running economy demonstrates the energy cost of running at sub maximal speeds.
Obesity is a complex disease that affects whole-body metabolism and is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and Type 2 diabetes (T2D). Physical exercise results in numerous health benefits and is an important tool to combat obesity and its co-morbidities, including cardiovascular diseases. Exercise prevents both the ...
Cardiovascular fitness is a component of physical fitness, which refers to a person's ability to deliver oxygen to the working muscles, including the heart.Cardiovascular fitness is improved by sustained physical activity (see also Endurance Training) and is affected by many physiological parameters, including cardiac output (determined by heart rate multiplied by stroke volume), vascular ...
Aerobic conditioning is usually achieved through aerobic exercise such as running, swimming, rowing machine, elliptical, treadmill, cycling, [3] etc. A stronger heart does not pump more blood by beating faster but by beating more efficiently, primarily via increased stroke volume and left ventricular mass. [4]
Among the possible health benefits of regular aerobic exercise are: [41] May improve mood [41] [6] Strengthens and enlarges the heart muscle, to improve its pumping efficiency and reduce the resting heart rate, known as aerobic conditioning; May improve circulation efficiency and reduce blood pressure; May help maintain independence in later ...
The impact of long-distance running on human health is generally positive. Various organs and systems in the human body are improved: bone mineral density is increased, [32] and cholesterol is lowered. [33] However, beyond a certain point, negative consequences might occur.