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The relation between the refractive index and the density of silicate and borosilicate glasses [50] In general, it is assumed that the refractive index of a glass increases with its density. However, there does not exist an overall linear relationship between the refractive index and the density for all silicate and borosilicate glasses.
A. R. Forouhi and I. Bloomer deduced dispersion equations for the refractive index, n, and extinction coefficient, k, which were published in 1986 [1] and 1988. [2] The 1986 publication relates to amorphous materials, while the 1988 publication relates to crystalline.
The plot of volume or density versus molecular fraction of ethanol in water is a quadratic curve. However, the plot of index of refraction versus molecular fraction of ethanol in water is linear, and the weight fraction equals the fractional density [4] In the 1900s, the Gladstone–Dale relation was applied to glass, synthetic crystals and ...
The refractive index of water at 20 °C for visible light is 1.33. [1] The refractive index of normal ice is 1.31 (from List of refractive indices). In general, an index of refraction is a complex number with real and imaginary parts, where the latter indicates the strength of absorption loss at a particular wavelength. In the visible part of ...
A complex refractive index can therefore be defined in terms of the complex angular wavenumber defined above: _ = _. where n is the refractive index of the medium. In other words, the wave is required to satisfy E ( z , t ) = Re [ E 0 e i ω ( n _ z / c − t ) ] . {\displaystyle \mathbf {E} (z,t)=\operatorname {Re} \!\left[\mathbf {E} _{0}e^{i ...
Refraction at interface. Many materials have a well-characterized refractive index, but these indices often depend strongly upon the frequency of light, causing optical dispersion. Standard refractive index measurements are taken at the "yellow doublet" sodium D line, with a wavelength (λ) of 589 nanometers.
The variation of refractive index vs. vacuum wavelength for various glasses. The wavelengths of visible light are shaded in grey. Influences of selected glass component additions on the mean dispersion of a specific base glass (n F valid for λ = 486 nm (blue), n C valid for λ = 656 nm (red)) [3]
where is the refractive index, is the pressure of the gas, is the universal gas constant, and is the (absolute) temperature; the ideal gas law was used here to convert the particle density (appearing in the Lorentz-Lorenz formula) to pressure and temperature.