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Leptospirosis is a blood infection caused by the bacterium Leptospira [8] that can infect humans, dogs, rodents and many other wild and domesticated animals. [8] Signs and symptoms can range from none to mild ( headaches , muscle pains , and fevers ) to severe ( bleeding in the lungs or meningitis ). [ 5 ]
Leptospira is one of the genera of the spirochaete phylum that causes severe mammalian infections. [3] This species is pathogenic to some wild and domestic animals, including pet dogs. It can also spread to humans through abrasions on the skin, where infection can cause flu-like symptoms with kidney and liver damage. [ 2 ]
One or both ends of the spirochete are usually hooked. Because they are so thin, live Leptospira are best observed by darkfield microscopy. The bacteria have a number of degrees of freedom; when ready to proliferate via binary fission, the bacterium noticeably bends in the place of the future split.
Leptospira noguchii is another pathogenic bacteria that causes Leptospirosis. Leptospirosis can be transferred in a multitude of ways. Leptospirosis can transfer from animals to humans , humans to humans, or animals to animals via intake of contaminated body fluids, such as urine and blood. [7]
Life-cycle of a typical virus (left to right); following infection of a cell by a single virus, hundreds of offspring are released. When a virus infects a cell, the virus forces it to make thousands more viruses. It does this by making the cell copy the virus's DNA or RNA, making viral proteins, which all assemble to form new virus particles. [37]
“It is one of many respiratory viruses (such as parainfluenza, adenovirus, rhinovirus) that make children sick (during winter), especially if they are very young or have an underlying medical ...
These bees often suffer infestations of varroa mites, which are vectors for deformed wing virus, [31] as a result, this virus has become one of the most widely distributed and contagious insect viruses on the planet. [32] The virus causes stunted wings and as a result, the infected bees are unable to leave the hive and forage for nectar. [31]
In most cases, the viral envelope is obtained by the capsid from the host cell's plasma membrane when a virus leaves its host cell through a process called budding. [4] The viral envelope is made up of a lipid bilayer embedded with viral proteins, including viral glycoproteins . [ 1 ]