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Paxilline is a toxic, tremorgenic diterpene indole polycyclic alkaloid molecule produced by Penicillium paxilli which was first characterized in 1975. [1] [2] Paxilline is one of a class of tremorigenic mycotoxins, is a potassium channel blocker, and is potentially genotoxic.
"Chemically Different Tremorgenic Mycotoxins in Isolates of Penicillium paxilli from Australia and North America". Journal of Natural Products . 42 (5): 534– 6.
There were outbreaks of dog food containing aflatoxin in North America in late 2005 and early 2006, [38] and again in late 2011. [39] Mycotoxins in animal fodder, particularly silage, can decrease the performance of farm animals and potentially kill them. [40] [4] Several mycotoxins reduce milk yield when ingested by dairy cattle. [40]
Zearalenone is a white crystalline solid, with molecular formula C 18 H 22 O 5 and 318.364 g/mol molecular weight. It is a resorcyclic acid lactone.It exhibits blue-green fluorescence when excited by long wavelength ultraviolet (UV) light (360 nm) and a more intense green fluorescence when excited with short wavelength UV light (260 nm). [4]
The trichothecene mycotoxins are toxic to humans, other mammals, birds, fish, a variety of invertebrates, plants, and eukaryotic cells. [21] The specific toxicity varies depending on the particular toxin and animal species, however the route of administration plays a significantly higher role in determining lethality.
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Mycotoxicology is the branch of mycology that focuses on analyzing and studying the toxins produced by fungi, known as mycotoxins. [1] In the food industry it is important to adopt measures that keep mycotoxin levels as low as practicable, especially those that are heat-stable.
These two causes are responsible for over 95% of the hypothyroidism cases in dogs. [102] Signs include decreased appetite, weight gain, hair loss, dry skin/coat, skin that is cold to the touch, recurring skin infections, and lethargy. The dog may also seek out warm places to lie.