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  2. Pontifex maximus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifex_maximus

    Augustus as pontifex maximus (Via Labicana Augustus) <-The pontifex maximus (Latin for "supreme pontiff" [1] [2] [3]) was the chief high priest of the College of Pontiffs (Collegium Pontificum) in ancient Rome. This was the most important position in the ancient Roman religion, open only to patricians until 254 BC, when a plebeian first held ...

  3. Roman calendar - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_calendar

    The Pontifex Maximus determined when an intercalary month was to be inserted. On average, this happened in alternate years. The system of aligning the year through intercalary months broke down at least twice: the first time was during and after the Second Punic War .

  4. 12 BC - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_BC

    12 BC in various calendars; Gregorian calendar: 12 BC XII BC: Ab urbe condita: 742: Ancient Greek era: 192nd Olympiad ¹: Assyrian calendar: 4739: Balinese saka calendar: N/A: Bengali calendar: −605 – −604: Berber calendar: 939: Buddhist calendar: 533: Burmese calendar: −649: Byzantine calendar: 5497–5498: Chinese calendar: 戊申年 ...

  5. List of popes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_popes

    This title in English usage usually refers to the head of the Catholic Church. The Catholic pope uses various titles by tradition, including Summus Pontifex, Pontifex Maximus, and Servus servorum Dei. Each title has been added by unique historical events and unlike other papal prerogatives, is not incapable of modification. [3]

  6. Mercedonius - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedonius

    The decision of whether to insert the intercalary month was made by the pontifex maximus, supposedly based on observations to ensure the best possible correspondence with the seasons. [ c ] However, the pontifex maximus would normally be an active politician, and the decision would often be manipulated to allow friends to stay in office longer ...

  7. College of Pontiffs - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Pontiffs

    The pontifex maximus was the most important member of the college. Until 104 BC, the pontifex maximus held the sole power in appointing members to the other priesthoods in the college. The flamens were priests in charge of fifteen official cults of Roman religion, each assigned to a particular god.

  8. List of pontifices maximi - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pontifices_maximi

    The Pontifex Maximus held his office for life, but the date of death is not known for every man who held the office, and the name of the Pontifex is not recorded for every period. Unless otherwise noted, dates and citations of primary sources are from T.R.S. Broughton 's three-volume The Magistrates of the Roman Republic (American Philological ...

  9. Roman festivals - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_festivals

    In the archaic Roman calendar, February was the last month of the year. The name derives from februa , "the means of purification, expiatory offerings." It marked a turn of season, with February 5 the official first day of spring bringing the renewal of agricultural activities after winter.