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The IV and oral forms of steroids have been found to be equivalent. [20] Antibiotics are often used but will only help if the exacerbation is due to an infection. [ 21 ] Antibiotics are indicated when a patient notes increased sputum production, [ 6 ] purulent sputum, [ 6 ] increased dyspnea , [ 6 ] has an elevated white count, or is febrile .
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a type of progressive lung disease characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation. [8] GOLD 2024 defined COPD as a heterogeneous lung condition characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms (dyspnea or shortness of breath, cough, sputum production or exacerbations) due to abnormalities of the airways (bronchitis ...
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The term chronic multisymptom illness (CMI) was first used following publication of a 1998 study [50] describing chronic unexplained symptoms in Air Force veterans of the 1991 Gulf War. [ 46 ] In a 2014 report contracted by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, the National Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine recommended the use the ...
"Organizing" refers to unresolved pneumonia (in which the alveolar exudate persists and eventually undergoes fibrosis) in which fibrous tissue forms in the alveoli. The phase of resolution and/or remodeling following bacterial infections is commonly referred to as organizing pneumonia, both clinically and pathologically.
The incidence of industrial bronchitis varies with age, job, exposure, and smoking. In non-smokers (who are less prone to develop bronchitis than smokers), studies of coal miners have shown a 16% [8] to 17% [9] incidence of industrial bronchitis. In 2013, BLD resulted in 25,000 deaths globally—down from 29,000 deaths in 1990. [10]
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a respiratory disease that can encompass chronic bronchitis and/or emphysema. 15% of the cases of COPD in the United States can be attributed to occupational exposure, including exposure to silica and coal dust. People who work in mining, construction, manufacturing (specifically textiles, rubber ...
Additionally, bronchitis is described as either acute or chronic depending on its presentation and is also further described by the causative agent. Acute bronchitis can be defined as acute bacterial or viral infection of the larger airways in healthy patients with no history of recurrent disease. [ 8 ]