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The evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles was an evolutionary process that resulted in the formation of the mammalian middle ear, where the three middle ear bones or ossicles, namely the incus, malleus and stapes (a.k.a. "the anvil, hammer, and stirrup"), are a defining characteristic of mammals.
The ossicles are the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and the stapes (stirrup). The stapes is the smallest named bone in the body. The middle ear also connects to the upper throat at the nasopharynx via the pharyngeal opening of the Eustachian tube. [3] [11] The three ossicles transmit sound from the outer ear to the inner ear.
The ossicles (also called auditory ossicles) are three irregular bones in the middle ear of humans and other mammals, and are among the smallest bones in the human body. . Although the term "ossicle" literally means "tiny bone" (from Latin ossiculum) and may refer to any small bone throughout the body, it typically refers specifically to the malleus, incus and stapes ("hammer, anvil, and ...
Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles – Middle ear bones evolved from jaw bones; Evolution of nervous systems – Origin and subsequent variation and development of neurons and neural tissues and organs; Evolution of snake venom – Origin and diversification of snake venom through geologic time
The stapes is one of three ossicles in mammals. In non-mammalian tetrapods , the bone homologous to the stapes is usually called the columella ; however, in reptiles , either term may be used. In fish, the homologous bone is called the hyomandibular , and is part of the gill arch supporting either the spiracle or the jaw, depending on the species.
The evolution of the digestive system has formed a significant influence in mammal evolution. With the emergence of mammals, the digestive system was modified in a variety of ways depending on the animal's diet. For example, cats and most carnivores have simple large intestines, while the horse as a herbivore has a voluminous large intestine. [127]
Limbs beneath the body and other mammalian traits 280 Class: Mammalia: Mammals: 220 Subclass: Theria: Mammals that give birth to live young (i.e. non-egg-laying) 160 Infraclass: Eutheria: Placental mammals (i.e. non-marsupials) 125 Magnorder: Boreoeutheria: Supraprimates, (most) hoofed mammals, (most) carnivorous mammals, cetaceans, and bats ...
In mammals, the articular bone evolves to form the malleus, one of the mammalian ossicles of the middle ear. This is an apomorphy of the mammalian clade, [4] and is used to determine the fossil transition to mammals. [5] It is analogous to, but not homologous to the articular process of the lower jaw.