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Refractions Research released the first version of PostGIS in 2001 under the GNU General Public License. After six release candidates , a stable "1.0" version followed on April 19, 2005. In 2006 the OGC registered PostGIS as "implement[ing] the specified standard" for "Simple Features for SQL".
uDig is a GIS software program produced by a community led by Canadian-based consulting company Refractions Research. [1] uDig is based on the Eclipse platform and features full layered Open Source GIS. It is written in Java and released under EPL and BSD licences (formerly under GNU LGPL). [2]
In computing, GeoServer is an open-source server written in Java that allows users to share, process and edit geospatial data.Designed for interoperability, it publishes data from any major spatial data source using open standards.
The ARC/INFO Coverage data structure (1981), a topological data model based on POLYVRT. Topology was a very early concern for GIS. The earliest vector systems, such as the Canadian Geographic Information System, did not manage topological relationships, and problems such as sliver polygons proliferated, especially in operations such as vector overlay. [9]
ArcGIS is a family of client, server and online geographic information system (GIS) software developed and maintained by Esri.. ArcGIS was first released in 1982 as ARC/INFO, a command line-based GIS.
An environment texture mapped onto models of spoons, to give the illusion that they are reflecting the world around them. In computer graphics, reflection mapping or environment mapping [1] [2] [3] is an efficient image-based lighting technique for approximating the appearance of a reflective surface by means of a precomputed texture.
Refraction at interface. Many materials have a well-characterized refractive index, but these indices often depend strongly upon the frequency of light, causing optical dispersion.
Reflections and refractions of seismic waves at geologic interfaces within the Earth were first observed on recordings of earthquake-generated seismic waves. The basic model of the Earth's deep interior is based on observations of earthquake-generated seismic waves transmitted through the Earth's interior (e.g., Mohorovičić, 1910). [ 1 ]