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  2. Partition function (statistical mechanics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_function...

    It may not be obvious why the partition function, as we have defined it above, is an important quantity. First, consider what goes into it. The partition function is a function of the temperature T and the microstate energies E 1, E 2, E 3, etc. The microstate energies are determined by other thermodynamic variables, such as the number of ...

  3. Maximum term method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_term_method

    Consider the sum = = where >0 for all N.Since all the terms are positive, the value of S must be greater than the value of the largest term, , and less than the product of the number of terms and the value of the largest term.

  4. Largest differencing method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largest_differencing_method

    In each iteration, select two k-tuples A and B in which the difference between the maximum and minimum sum is largest, and combine them in reverse order of sizes, i.e.: smallest subset in A with largest subset in B, second-smallest in A with second-largest in B, etc. Proceed in this way until a single partition remains. Examples:

  5. Riemann sum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_sum

    A Riemann sum of over [,] with partition is defined as = = (), where = and [,]. [1] One might produce different Riemann sums depending on which x i ∗ {\displaystyle x_{i}^{*}} 's are chosen. In the end this will not matter, if the function is Riemann integrable , when the difference or width of the summands Δ x i {\displaystyle \Delta x_{i ...

  6. Kahan summation algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahan_summation_algorithm

    The algorithm performs summation with two accumulators: sum holds the sum, and c accumulates the parts not assimilated into sum, to nudge the low-order part of sum the next time around. Thus the summation proceeds with "guard digits" in c , which is better than not having any, but is not as good as performing the calculations with double the ...

  7. Partition function (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_function...

    Such is the case for the partition function in quantum field theory. A common, useful modification to the partition function is to introduce auxiliary functions. This allows, for example, the partition function to be used as a generating function for correlation functions. This is discussed in greater detail below.

  8. Koch snowflake - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koch_snowflake

    The Koch snowflake (also known as the Koch curve, Koch star, or Koch island [1] [2]) is a fractal curve and one of the earliest fractals to have been described. It is based on the Koch curve, which appeared in a 1904 paper titled "On a Continuous Curve Without Tangents, Constructible from Elementary Geometry" [3] by the Swedish mathematician Helge von Koch.

  9. Multiway number partitioning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiway_number_partitioning

    Let C i (for i between 1 and k) be the sum of subset i in a given partition. Instead of minimizing the objective function max(C i), one can minimize the objective function max(f(C i)), where f is any fixed function. Similarly, one can minimize the objective function sum(f(C i)), or maximize min(f(C i)), or maximize sum(f(C i)).