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The real absolute value function is an example of a continuous function that achieves a global minimum where the derivative does not exist. The subdifferential of | x | at x = 0 is the interval [−1, 1]. [14] The complex absolute value function is continuous everywhere but complex differentiable nowhere because it violates the Cauchy–Riemann ...
The standard absolute value on the integers. The standard absolute value on the complex numbers.; The p-adic absolute value on the rational numbers.; If R is the field of rational functions over a field F and () is a fixed irreducible polynomial over F, then the following defines an absolute value on R: for () in R define | | to be , where () = () and ((), ()) = = ((), ()).
A subderivative value 0 occurs here because the absolute value function is at a minimum. The full family of valid subderivatives at zero constitutes the subdifferential interval [ − 1 , 1 ] {\displaystyle [-1,1]} , which might be thought of informally as "filling in" the graph of the sign function with a vertical line through the origin ...
On the other hand, the completions with respect to the other non-trivial absolute values give the fields of p-adic numbers, where is a prime integer number (see below); since the -adic absolute values satisfy the ultrametric property, then the -adic number fields are non-Archimedean as normed fields (they cannot be made into ordered fields).
For given real functions representing actual physical quantities, often in terms of sines and cosines, corresponding complex functions are considered of which the real parts are the original quantities. For a sine wave of a given frequency, the absolute value |z| of the corresponding z is the amplitude and the argument arg z is the phase.
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In general, the value of the norm is dependent on the spectrum of : For a vector with a Euclidean norm of one, the value of ‖ ‖ is bounded from below and above by the smallest and largest absolute eigenvalues of respectively, where the bounds are achieved if coincides with the corresponding (normalized) eigenvectors.
The converse, though, does not necessarily hold: for example, taking f as =, where V is a Vitali set, it is clear that f is not measurable, but its absolute value is, being a constant function. The positive part and negative part of a function are used to define the Lebesgue integral for a real-valued function.