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For example, if the static compression ratio is 10:1, and the dynamic compression ratio is 7.5:1, a useful value for cylinder pressure would be 7.5 1.3 × atmospheric pressure, or 13.7 bar (relative to atmospheric pressure). The two corrections for dynamic compression ratio affect cylinder pressure in opposite directions, but not in equal strength.
The 2AR-FSE [10] is a variant of the 2AR-FE equipped with D4-S direct-injection and port injection. It has the same bore and stroke as other 2AR engines but the cylinder head, cams, pistons and fuel management system are unique. Maximum thermal efficiency is about 38.5%. [11] The expansion ratio is 13.0 to 1.
Molecular weights of the species in the representative octane combustion are 114, 32, 44, and 18 for C 8 H 18, O 2, CO 2, and H 2 O, respectively; therefore one kilogram (2.2 lb) of fuel reacts with 3.51 kilograms (7.7 lb) of oxygen to produce 3.09 kilograms (6.8 lb) of carbon dioxide and 1.42 kilograms (3.1 lb) of water.
At 10,000 ppm water in the E50 experiments by JARI and 3,500 ppm water in the E20 experiments by TU Darmstadt the alcoholate/alkoxide corrosion stopped. In the fuel ethanol this resembles 20,000 ppm or 2 volume% in the case of JARI and 5 x 3500 = 17,500 ppm of 1.75 volume% in the case of TU Darmstadt.
In naturally aspirated engines powered by octane, maximum power is frequently reached at AFRs ranging from 12.5 to 13.3:1 or λ of 0.850 to 0.901. [citation needed] The air-fuel ratio of 12:1 is considered as the maximum output ratio, whereas the air-fuel ratio of 16:1 is considered as the maximum fuel economy ratio. [citation needed]
The addition of two milled cutouts [in the head] to extend the volume of the combustion wedge can create a compression ratio of 7.5:1; one milled cutout produces a 9.5:1 compression ratio. The difference between the volume of these cutouts provides a wide compression range without making any changes in the piston or cylinder head.
Bore and stroke is 79.7 mm × 90.1 mm (3.14 in × 3.55 in). It produces 165–221 kW; 222–296 hp (225–300 PS) at 6000 rpm and 300–420 N⋅m (221–310 lb⋅ft) at 3600 rpm, and has a compression ratio of 9.0:1. It is used in the Renault and Alpine vehicles since 2015, where it is named M5Pt. Applications:
LPG was popular in Australia, because it was less than half the price of petrol in urban areas (approx A$0.59-0.75 per litre, as opposed to A$1.10-1.35 per litre for unleaded fuel and A$1.15-1.30 per litre for diesel, in February 2010), and it is locally produced.