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Modern production equipment consists of mechatronic modules that are integrated according to a control architecture. The most widely known architectures involve hierarchy, polyarchy, hetaerarchy and hybrid. The methods for achieving a technical effect are described by control algorithms, which may or may not utilize formal methods in their design.
In addition, some gloveboxes are configured to use positive pressure, which can increase the risk of leaks. [11]: 24–28 Another non-ventilation control used in this industry is the continuous liner system, which allows the filling of product containers while enclosing the material in a polypropylene bag. This system is often used for off ...
A continuous physical system is represented through variables that are smooth and uninterrupted in time. The control of the water temperature in a heating jacket, for example, is an example of continuous process control. Some important continuous processes are the production of fuels, chemicals and plastics.
An industrial control system (ICS) is an electronic control system and associated instrumentation used for industrial process control. Control systems can range in size from a few modular panel-mounted controllers to large interconnected and interactive distributed control systems (DCSs) with many thousands of field connections.
Packaged items of equipment (compressors, diesel engines, electricity generators, etc) are fitted with local vendor supplied instrumentation. When equipment malfunctions a multivariable signal (UA) is sent to the control room. The fire and gas detection system comprises local sensors to detect the presence of gas, smoke or fire. These initiate ...
Although functionally separate, process control and shutdown systems are usually interfaced under one system, called an integrated control and safety system (ICSS). Shutdown systems typically use equipment that is SIL 2 certified as a minimum, whereas control systems can start with SIL 1. SIL applies to both hardware and software requirements ...
Transport equipment is used to move material from one location to another (e.g., between workplaces, between a loading dock and a storage area, etc.), while positioning equipment is used to manipulate material at a single location. [3] The major subcategories of transport equipment are conveyors, cranes, and industrial trucks.
Nowadays such is the importance of this machinery, some transport companies have developed specific equipment to transport heavy construction equipment to and from sites. Most of the major equipment manufacturers such as Caterpillar, [ 2 ] Volvo, [ 3 ] Liebherr, [ 4 ] and Bobcat have released or have been developing fully or partially electric ...