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Autonomous self-healing depends on integrating atypical engineering modifications in the matrix to give a self-healing function. Encapsulation has long been the favored method for delivering healing agents directly to the cracks, allowing in-place repair. In encapsulating healing compounds, there are two approaches: discrete and continuous.
Healing mechanisms vary from an instrinsic repair of the material to the addition of a repair agent contained in a microscopic vessel. For a material to be strictly defined as autonomously self-healing, it is necessary that the healing process occurs without human intervention.
It may be necessary to repair a concrete structure following damage (e.g. due to age, chemical attack, fire, [24] impact, movement or reinforcement corrosion). Strengthening may be necessary if the structure is weakened (e.g. due to design or construction errors, excessive loading, or because of a change of use).
A living building material (LBM) is a material used in construction or industrial design that behaves in a way resembling a living organism.Examples include: self-mending biocement, [1] self-replicating concrete replacement, [2] and mycelium-based composites for construction and packaging.
Normally, a callus will form on any part of the skin exposed to excess friction over a long period of time. Activities that are known for causing calluses include (but are not limited to) construction work and craftwork, the arts, [3] food preparation, many sports and physical activities, [4] [5] and fashion choices like wearing high heels.
The key factor as to when and why this work is being done is timing, and involves a service, resource or facility being unavailable. [18] [19] By contrast, condition-based maintenance is not directly based on equipment age. Planned maintenance is preplanned, and can be date-based, based on equipment running hours, or on distance travelled.
Healing must happen by repair in the case of injury to cells that are unable to regenerate (e.g. neurons). Also, damage to the collagen network (e.g. by enzymes or physical destruction), or its total collapse (as can happen in an infarct) cause healing to take place by repair. [citation needed]
In major injuries, the repair mechanisms are unable to restore the skin to its original condition. The repaired region contains an abnormally large number of collagenous fibers, and relatively few blood vessels. Damaged sweat and sebaceous glands, hair follicles, muscle cells, and nerves are seldom repaired.