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Catholic–Protestant theological dissent was birthed in 1517 with the posting of Martin Luther's Ninety-five Theses which outline ninety-five objections against Catholic doctrine. These included distinction between clergy and laity , the Catholic Church's monopoly on scriptural interpretation , the sale of indulgences , the nature of salvation ...
The Catholic Church, or Roman Catholic Church, is composed of 24 autonomous sui iuris particular churches: the Latin Church and the 23 Eastern Catholic Churches. It considers itself the one, holy, catholic and apostolic Church that Christ founded, [ 63 ] and which Saint Peter initiated along with the missionary work of Saint Paul and others.
Protestants reject the Catholic Church's doctrine that it is the one true church, with some teaching belief in the invisible church, which consists of all who profess faith in Jesus Christ. [79] The Lutheran Church traditionally sees itself as the "main trunk of the historical Christian Tree" founded by Christ and the Apostles, holding that ...
Since the reforms surrounding the Second Vatican Council of 1962–1965, the Catholic Church has referred to Protestant churches as ecclesial communities, while reserving the term "church" for apostolic churches, including the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Churches, as well as the Ancient and Assyrian Churches of the East (see subsistit in and ...
Protestants generally trace to the 16th century their separation from the Catholic Church. Mainstream Protestantism began with the Magisterial Reformation , so called because it received support from the magistrates (that is, the civil authorities).
Protestant Church in Indonesia – 3.1 million [154] United Church in Zambia – 3.0 million [155] Evangelical Church of Cameroon – 2.5 million [156] Christian Evangelical Church in Timor – 2.0 million [157] Protestant Church of Switzerland – 1.9 million [158] Protestant Church in the Netherlands – 1.4 million [159]
The main theological differences with the Catholic Church are the papal primacy [1] [2] [3] and the filioque clause. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] In spirituality, the tenability of neo-Palamism 's essence-energy distinction and of the experiential vision of God as attained in theoria and theosis are actively debated.
The term Evangelical Catholic (from catholic meaning universal and evangelical meaning Gospel-centered) is used in Lutheranism, with those calling themselves Evangelical Catholic Lutherans or Lutherans of Evangelical Catholic churchmanship stressing the catholicity of historic Lutheranism in liturgy (such as the Mass), beliefs (such as the perpetual virginity of Mary), practices (such as ...