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These compounds are catalysts, reagents, and synthetic intermediates. The trialkyl and triaryl derivatives feature a trigonal-planar boron center that is typically only weakly Lewis acidic . Except a few bulky derivatives, the hydrides (n = 1 or 2) dimerize, like diborane itself.
Halogenation of benzene where X is the halogen, catalyst represents the catalyst (if needed) and HX represents the protonated base. A few types of aromatic compounds, such as phenol, will react without a catalyst, but for typical benzene derivatives with less reactive substrates, a Lewis acid is required as a catalyst.
Carborane acids H(CXB 11 Y 5 Z 6) (X, Y, Z = H, Alk, F, Cl, Br, CF 3) are a class of superacids, [1] some of which are estimated to be at least one million times stronger than 100% pure sulfuric acid in terms of their Hammett acidity function values (H 0 ≤ –18) and possess computed pK a values well below –20, establishing them as some of the strongest known Brønsted acids.
Aromatic compounds are subject to electrophilic halogenation: R−C 6 H 5 + X 2 → HX + R−C 6 H 4 −X. This kind of reaction typically works well for chlorine and bromine. Often a Lewis acidic catalyst is used, such as ferric chloride. [7] Many detailed procedures are available.
Electrophilic aromatic substitution (S E Ar) is an organic reaction in which an atom that is attached to an aromatic system (usually hydrogen) is replaced by an electrophile. Some of the most important electrophilic aromatic substitutions are aromatic nitration , aromatic halogenation , aromatic sulfonation , alkylation Friedel–Crafts ...
The icosahedral charge-neutral closo-carboranes, 1,2-, 1,7-, and 1,12- C 2 B 10 H 12 (informally ortho-, meta-, and para-carborane) are particularly stable and are commercially available. [10] [11] The ortho-carborane forms first upon the reaction of decaborane and acetylene. It converts quantitatively to the meta-carborane upon heating in an ...
Cadiot–Chodkiewicz coupling; Cadogan-Sundberg indole synthesis; Camps quinoline synthesis; Cannizzaro reaction; Carbohydrate acetalisation; Carbonyl reduction
The most commonly employed Sandmeyer reactions are the chlorination, bromination, cyanation, and hydroxylation reactions using CuCl, CuBr, CuCN, and Cu 2 O, respectively. More recently, trifluoromethylation of diazonium salts has been developed and is referred to as a 'Sandmeyer-type' reaction.