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A concrete slab is a common structural element of modern buildings, consisting of a flat, horizontal surface made of cast concrete. Steel- reinforced slabs, typically between 100 and 500 mm thick, are most often used to construct floors and ceilings, while thinner mud slabs may be used for exterior paving ( see below ).
The monolithic placement consisted of 225,000 square feet (20,900 m 2) of concrete placed in 30 hours, finished to a flatness tolerance of F F 54.60 and a levelness tolerance of F L 43.83. This surpassed the previous record by 50% in total volume and 7.5% in total area. [163] [164]
Concrete has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion, and as it matures concrete shrinks. All concrete structures will crack to some extent, due to shrinkage and tension. Concrete which is subjected to long-duration forces is prone to creep. The density of concrete varies, but is around 2,400 kilograms per cubic metre (150 lb/cu ft). [1]
kilogram-force per square millimetre: kgf/mm 2: ≡ 1 kgf/mm 2 = 9.806 65 × 10 6 Pa [33] kip per square inch: ksi ≡ 1 kipf/sq in ≈ 6.894 757 × 10 6 Pa [33] long ton per square foot: ≡ 1 long ton × g 0 / 1 sq ft ≈ 1.072 517 801 1595 × 10 5 Pa: micrometre of mercury: μmHg ≡ 13 595.1 kg/m 3 × 1 μm × g 0 ≈ 0.001 torr ≈ 0.133 ...
Hong Kong law Chapter 123F, Building (Planning) Regulations, Regulation 23 sect 3 sub-paragraph (a) defined that: Subject to sub-paragraph (b), for the purposes of regulations 19, 20, 21 and 22, the gross floor area of a building shall be the area contained within the external walls of the building measured at each floor level (including any floor below the level of the ground), together with ...
The forms used in a precast plant can be reused hundreds to thousands of times before they have to be replaced, often making it cheaper than onsite casting in terms of cost per unit of formwork. [2] Precast concrete forming systems for architectural applications differ in size, function, and cost.
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