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Blepharospasm is a fairly rare disease. Estimates of incidence and prevalence vary, tending to be higher in population studies than service studies, [5] likely because of delays in diagnosis. [4] In the United States, approximately 2,000 new cases of blepharospasm are diagnosed each year. [6]
Affected are preschool and school-age children with a male predominance. [2] In one study, the median age was 6 years (range 2–13.2 years). [ 1 ] It has been estimated that BACM has an incidence of 2.69 cases per 100,000 children (<18 years) during epidemic seasons and 0.23 cases during non-epidemic seasons.
Of patients that enrolled in a 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 month study, perceived weakness was reported in 35.3%, 47.1% experienced numbness, 70.6% had tingling, cramps were present in 64.7% and after 24 months, only 5% had their symptoms resolved. Of all the patients, none developed Motor Neuron Disease. [11]
About 1% of children and adolescents [4] Between 0.3% and 1.0% of general population [ 5 ] Tourette syndrome or Tourette's syndrome (abbreviated as TS or Tourette's ) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that begins in childhood or adolescence.
Idiopathic craniofacial erythema is a medical condition characterized by uncontrollable and frequently unprovoked facial blushing. Blushing can occur at any time and is frequently triggered by even mundane events, such as talking to friends, paying for goods in a shop, asking for directions or even simply making eye contact with another person.
The symptoms of PBA can be severe, with persistent and unremitting episodes. [4] Characteristics include: The onset can be sudden and unpredictable, and has been described by some patients as coming on like a seizure; The outbursts have a typical duration of a few seconds to several minutes; and, The outbursts may happen several times a day.
Animal studies [6] [7] have found nitroglycerin, a vasodilator used to treat angina, relaxes the ciliary muscle and may hold hope for those suffering from spasm of accommodation. Nitroglycerin is currently being investigated as a treatment for glaucoma, and has shown to decrease intraocular pressure and relax the ciliary muscle.
Oculogyric crisis (OGC) is a rare sudden, paroxysmal, dystonic reaction that may manifest in response to specific drugs, particularly neuroleptics, or medical conditions, such as movement disorders.