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A commodity chain is a process used by firms to gather resources, transform them into goods or commodities, and finally, distribute them to consumers.It is a series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is then exchanged on the world market.
Unlike backward vertical integration, which serves to reduce costs of production, forward vertical integration allows a company to decrease its costs of distribution. This includes avoiding paying taxes for exchanges between stages in the chain of production, bypassing other price regulations, and removing the need for intermediary markets.
Supply chain management, techniques with the aim of coordinating all parts of SC, from supplying raw materials to delivering and/or resumption of products, tries to minimize total costs with respect to existing conflicts among the chain partners. An example of these conflicts is the interrelation between the sale department desiring to have ...
A chain is actually a complex and dynamic supply and demand network. [9] A typical supply chain can be divided into two stages namely, production and distribution stages. In the production stage, components and semi-finished parts are produced in manufacturing centres. The components are then put together in an assembly plant.
Horizontal integration is the process of a company increasing production of goods or services at the same level of the value chain, in the same industry. A company may do this via internal expansion or through mergers and acquisitions. [1] [2] [3]
An industry value-chain is a physical representation of the various processes involved in producing goods (and services), starting with raw materials and ending with the delivered product (also known as the supply chain). It is based on the notion of value-added at the link (read: stage of production) level.
Example of a supply-chain network. A supply-chain network (SCN) is an evolution of the basic supply chain.Due to rapid technological advancement, organizations with a basic supply chain can develop this chain into a more complex structure involving a higher level of interdependence and connectivity between more organizations, this constitutes a supply-chain network.
A global value chain (GVC) refers to the full range of activities that economic actors engage in to bring a product to market. [1] The global value chain does not only involve production processes, but preproduction (such as design) and postproduction processes (such as marketing and distribution).