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With brainstem extension, midfacial and corneal hypesthesia, hydrocephalus, and other cranial neuropathies become more prevalent. Involvement of CN V from a cerebellopontine mass lesion often results in loss of the ipsilateral (same side of the body) corneal reflex, or involuntary blink.
Hemorrhagic parenchymal contusions and cerebral microhemorrhages are examples of traumatic intra-axial bleeds. [3] Extra-axial hemorrhage, bleeding that occurs within the skull but outside of the brain tissue, falls into three subtypes: epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. [3]
Herniation can be caused by a number of factors that cause a mass effect and increase intracranial pressure (ICP): these include traumatic brain injury, intracranial hemorrhage, or brain tumor. [1] Herniation can also occur in the absence of high ICP when mass lesions such as hematomas occur at the borders of brain compartments. In such cases ...
Meningiomas are visualized readily with contrast CT, MRI with gadolinium, [23] and arteriography, all attributed to the fact that meningiomas are extra-axial and vascularized. CSF protein levels are usually found to be elevated when lumbar puncture is used to obtain spinal fluid.
Lesions can be extra-axial, (occurring within the skull but outside of the brain) or intra-axial (occurring within the brain tissue). [24] Damage from TBI can be focal or diffuse, confined to specific areas or distributed in a more general manner, respectively; [25] however, it is common for both types of injury to exist in a given case. [25]
Axial CT scan showing hemorrhage in the posterior fossa [22] Intracerebral bleeds are the second most common cause of stroke , accounting for 10% of hospital admissions for stroke. [ 23 ] High blood pressure raises the risks of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage by two to six times. [ 22 ]
Imaging studies and a good medical history can help to differentiate external hydrocephalus from subdural hemorrhages or symptomatic chronic extra-axial fluid collections which are accompanied by vomiting, headaches, and seizures. [46] [47]
Clinical manifestations of intraparenchymal hemorrhage are determined by the size and location of hemorrhage, but may include the following: [citation needed] Hypertension, fever, or cardiac arrhythmias