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An example of lateral earth pressure overturning a retaining wall. The lateral earth pressure is the pressure that soil exerts in the horizontal direction. It is important because it affects the consolidation behavior and strength of the soil and because it is considered in the design of geotechnical engineering structures such as retaining walls, basements, tunnels, deep foundations and ...
Coulomb's analysis went beyond the practical engineering solutions of his time by systematically applying principles of statics and mechanics to problems of soil stability. His methods, although refined by later researchers, laid the groundwork for modern soil mechanics and retaining wall design, and remain relevant in geotechnical engineering ...
The pressure exerted by soil against the wall is referred to as active pressure. The resistance offered by the soil to an object pushing against it is referred to as "passive pressure". Rankine's theory is applicable to incompressible soils. The equation for cohesionless active earth pressure is expressed as: = where:
Coulomb observed that, at failure, a distinct slip plane would form behind a sliding retaining wall and suggested that the maximum shear stress on the slip plane, for design purposes, was the sum of the soil cohesion, , and friction (), where is the normal stress on the slip plane and is the friction angle of the soil.
The theoretical methods of estimating K a and K p in gravity retaining wall design involve certain assumptions. The simplest assumes a horizontal ground surface, a vertical wall back, a cohesionless soil, and zero relative movement between the wall back and the soil. This latter assumption is often called 'zero wall friction', but this is ...
As the setback of the wall increases, the size of the sliding wedge is reduced. This reduction lowers the pressure on the retaining wall. [4] The most important consideration in proper design and installation of retaining walls is to recognize and counteract the tendency of the retained material to move downslope due to gravity.
Example applications are building and bridge foundations, retaining walls, dams, and buried pipeline systems. Principles of soil mechanics are also used in related disciplines such as geophysical engineering, coastal engineering, agricultural engineering, and hydrology.
Charles-Augustin de Coulomb: Physicist who also developed methods for retaining wall design Peter Arthur Cox: British civil engineer Henry Cronin: British civil engineer Hardy Cross: American engineer in 20th century; notable for the developer of the moment distribution method Edward Cruttwell
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