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PCI Express Mini Card (also known as Mini PCI Express, Mini PCIe, Mini PCI-E, mPCIe, and PEM), based on PCI Express, is a replacement for the Mini PCI form factor. It is developed by the PCI-SIG . The host device supports both PCI Express and USB 2.0 connectivity, and each card may use either standard.
The processor contains 16 PCI Express generation 3 lanes [1] to connect to accelerators (hypothetical e.g. GPUs and FPGAs). The processor also integrates a TofuD fabric controller with 10 ports implemented as 20 lanes of high-speed 28 Gbit/s to connect multiple nodes in a cluster. [1] The reported transistor count is about 8.8 billion. [4]
For instance, SATA revision 3.0 (6 Gbit/s) controllers on one PCI Express 2.0 (5 Gbit/s) channel will be limited to the 5 Gbit/s rate and have to employ more channels to get around this problem. Early implementations of new protocols very often have this kind of problem.
On August 2, 2022, the CXL Specification 3.0 was released, based on PCIe 6.0 physical interface and PAM-4 coding with double the bandwidth; new features include fabrics capabilities with multi-level switching and multiple device types per port, and enhanced coherency with peer-to-peer DMA and memory sharing.
Being message-based (at the PCI Express layer), this mechanism provides some, but not all, of the advantages of the PCI layer MSI mechanism: the 4 virtual pins per device are no longer shared on the bus (although PCI Express controllers may still combine legacy interrupts internally), and interrupt changes no longer inherently suffer from race ...
PCIe lanes [d] Gen 4 None ×8 ×12 x10 x12 ×8 ×12 Gen 3 Up to ×8 Up to ×4 Up to ×8 Up to x4 Up to ×4 Up to ×8 USB support USB 2.0: 6 12 6 12 USB 3.2 Gen 1x1 (5 Gb/s) 2 None None USB 3.2 Gen 2x1 (10 Gb/s) 2 4 8 2 6 4 8 USB 3.2 Gen 2x2 (20 Gb/s) None 1 [e] 2 [f] None 1 [e] 2 [f] Storage features SATA III ports Up to 4 Up to 8 Up to 4 Up to ...
SATA Express and M.2 are also supported, providing the ability for interfacing with PCI Express-based storage devices. Each of the X99's SATA Express ports requires two PCI Express 2.0 lanes provided by the chipset, while the M.2 slots can use either two 2.0 lanes from the chipset itself, or up to four 3.0 lanes taken directly from the processor.
It provided four PCI Express ×1 slots. The ×16 slot was provided by the MCH. The bottleneck Hub interface was replaced by a new Direct Media Interface (in reality a PCI Express ×4 link) with 1 GB/s of bandwidth per direction. Support for Intel High Definition Audio was included. In addition, AC'97 and the classical PCI 2.3 were still supported.