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For suspected cases of NPH, CSF shunting is the first-line treatment. The most common type used to treat NPH is ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts, which drain CSF fluid to the peritoneal cavity. Adjustable valves allow fine-tuning of CSF drainage. NPH symptoms reportedly improve in 70–90% of patients with CSF shunt.
Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) most often occurs in elderly patients with symptoms including gait disturbance, urinary incontinence, and cognitive issues. [33] It is commonly divided into two categories, idiopathic NPH (with unknown cause) and secondary NPH (due to trauma, hemorrhage, etc.).
A cerebral shunt is a device permanently implanted inside the head and body to drain excess fluid away from the brain. They are commonly used to treat hydrocephalus, the swelling of the brain due to excess buildup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
CSF flow can be used in diagnosing and treating aqueduct stenosis, normal pressure hydrocephalus, and Chiari malformation. [6] Aqueduct stenosis is the narrowing of the aqueduct of Sylvius which blocks the flow of CSF, causing fluid buildup in the brain called hydrocephalus.
CT and MRI are most commonly used to observe the brain for cerebral atrophy. A CT scan takes cross sectional images of the brain using X-rays , while an MRI uses a magnetic field. With both measures, multiple images can be compared to see if there is a loss in brain volume over time.
CTE and other brain injuries are a problem in MMA. The UFC is hoping psychedelics can help provide an answer. Dana White: UFC looking into research on psychedelics for brain trauma [Video]
The surgical treatment options for hydrocephalus are, as previously mentioned, implantation of a cerebral shunt and ETV. Especially in the youngest age group (younger than two years of age) it remains uncertain what is the superior treatment modality. Currently, a large international, multicenter study is conducted to address this issue.
This concept of NPH opened the door to other research including the treatment of dementia in the elderly. [ citation needed ] Hakim continued working on NPH and for many years he has researched the mechanics of the intracranial cavity and CSF.