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In Earth science, it is common to conceptualize the Earth's surface as consisting of several distinct layers, often referred to as spheres: the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, and the biosphere, this concept of spheres is a useful tool for understanding the Earth's surface and its various processes [30] these correspond to rocks ...
There are several conflicting usages of geosphere, variously defined. It may be taken as the collective name for the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the cryosphere, and the atmosphere. [1] The different collectives of the geosphere are able to exchange different mass and/or energy fluxes (the measurable amount of change). The exchange of these ...
The founder of modern biogeochemistry was Vladimir Vernadsky, a Russian and Ukrainian scientist whose 1926 book The Biosphere, [6] in the tradition of Mendeleev, formulated a physics of the Earth as a living whole. [7] Vernadsky distinguished three spheres, where a sphere was a concept similar to the concept of a phase-space.
Geosphere/Solid Earth – (Also sometimes a collective name for the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the cryosphere, and the atmosphere) The union of all solid parts of Earth and the Inner of Earth. Pedosphere – The outermost layer of the Earth that is composed of soil and subject to soil formation processes; Outer layers By composition
The Science Education Resource Center, Carleton College, offers the following description: "Earth System science embraces chemistry, physics, biology, mathematics and applied sciences in transcending disciplinary boundaries to treat the Earth as an integrated system. It seeks a deeper understanding of the physical, chemical, biological and ...
Geochemistry is the science that uses the tools and principles of chemistry to explain the mechanisms behind major geological systems such as the Earth's crust and its oceans.
Mineral physics – science of materials that compose the interior of planets, particularly the Earth. Near-surface geophysics – the use of geophysical methods to investigate small-scale features in the shallow (tens of meters) subsurface. Paleomagnetism – measurement of the orientation of the Earth's magnetic field over the geologic past.
The Earth's magnetic field protects the Earth from the deadly solar wind and has long been used for navigation. It originates in the fluid motions of the outer core. [24] The magnetic field in the upper atmosphere gives rise to the auroras. [26] Earth's dipole axis (pink line) is tilted away from the rotational axis (blue line).